1. Introduction To Structured Query Language (SQL)

2. SQL SQL is a standard language for accessing databases.
Our SQL tutorial will teach you how to use SQL to access and manipulate data in: MS Access SQL Server database systems.

3. What is SQL? SQL stands for Structured Query Language
SQL lets you access and manipulate databases
SQL is an ANSI (American National Standards Institute) standard

4. What Can SQL do? SQL can execute queries against a database
SQL can retrieve data from a database
SQL can insert records in a database
SQL can update records in a database
SQL can delete records from a database
SQL can create new databases
SQL can create new tables in a database
SQL can create stored procedures in a database
SQL can create views in a database
SQL can set permissions on tables, procedures, and views

5. Some of The Most Important SQL Commands
SELECT - extracts data from a database
UPDATE - updates data in a database
DELETE - deletes data from a database
INSERT INTO - inserts new data into a database
CREATE DATABASE - creates a new database
ALTER DATABASE - modifies a database
CREATE TABLE - creates a new table
ALTER TABLE - modifies a table
DROP TABLE - deletes a table
CREATE INDEX - creates an index (search key)
DROP INDEX - deletes an index

6. Student

8. SELECT Statements
In this tutorial we will use the well-known sample database (included in MS Access and MS SQL Server).
The following SQL statement selects all the records in the table:
Statement:
SELECT * FROM Table;
E.g.: SELECT * FROM Student;

9. SELECT Statements SELECT column_name,column_name FROM table_name;
Select id, Firstname, age From Student;

10. SQL SELECT DISTINCT Statement
The SELECT DISTINCT statement is used to return only distinct (different) values.
SELECT DISTINCT column_name,column_name FROM table_name;

11. SQL WHERE Clause The WHERE clause is used to filter records.
SELECT * FROM Student WHERE Field_Name ="Text Value";
SELECT * FROM Student WHERE Field_Name =Numeric Value;

12. Operators in The WHERE Clause
Description =
Equal
<>
Not equal. Note: In some versions of SQL this operator may be written as !=
>
Greater than
<
Less than
>=
Greater than or equal
<=
Less than or equal
BETWEEN
Between an inclusive range
LIKE
Search for a pattern IN
To specify multiple possible values for a column

13. AND & OR Operators
The AND & OR operators are used to filter records based on more than one condition.
SELECT * FROM Student WHERE City =Nizwa" AND Age < 30;
SELECT * FROM Student WHERE City =Nizwa" OR Age < 30;
SELECT * FROM Student WHERE City=Nizwa" AND (lastname= "said" OR firstname="ali");

14. Operators in The WHERE Clause
The BETWEEN operator selects values within a range. The values can be numbers, text, or dates.
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE column_name BETWEEN value1 AND value2;
Not Between used to NOT Include
SELECT Firstname, Lastname, city, age
FROM student
WHERE city NOT BETWEEN "Muscat" AND "Izki";

15. IN Operator
The IN operator allows you to specify multiple values in a WHERE clause.
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE column_name IN (value1,value2,...);

16. LIKE Operator
The LIKE operator is used to search for a specified pattern in a column.
SELECT * FROM Student WHERE City LIKE "s*";

17. ORDER BY Keyword The ORDER BY keyword is used to sort the result-set.
SELECT * FROM student
ORDER BY city;
SELECT * FROM student ORDER BY city ASC /DESC;
SELECT * FROM student ORDER BY city, firstname;
SELECT * FROM student ORDER BY city ASC, lastname DESC;

18. INSERT INTO Statement
The INSERT INTO statement is used to insert new records in a table.
INSERT INTO Student(FirstName, LastName, City, age, Mob) VALUES (‘Nour',Elshaiekh',Halfa',42, );

19. UPDATE Statement
The UPDATE statement is used to update records in a table.
UPDATE student
SET FirstName = ‘ALSaadi'
WHERE d =4;
UPDATE Student
SET LastName= “Mussab”, City= “Suhar”
WHERE FirstName= “Ali”;

20. Update table with data from another table
UPDATE ab SET current_category = (SELECT category_id FROM products WHERE products.product_id = summary_data.product_id) WHERE EXISTS (SELECT category_id FROM products WHERE products.product_id = summary_data.product_id);

21. Delete Statement
The DELETE statement is used to delete records in a table.
DELETE FROM Student WHERE FirstName="Ali" AND LastName="Said" ;

22. SELECT TOP Clause
The SELECT TOP clause is used to specify the number of records to return.
SELECT TOP 2 * FROM Student;

23. SELECT TOP Clause
SQL statement selects the first ?% of the records from the table:
SELECT TOP 20 PERCENT * FROM Student;

24. SQL JOIN
An SQL JOIN clause is used to combine rows from two or more tables, based on a common field between them. SELECT abs.name, Student.FirstName, ab.age FROM student INNER JOIN ab ON ab.Name=student.FirstName;

25. SQL Aliases
SQL aliases are used to give a database table, or a column in a table, a temporary name.
Basically aliases are created to make column names more readable.
SELECT FirstName AS CEMIS
FROM Student;

26. The SQL UNION Operator
The UNION operator is used to combine the result-set of two or more SELECT statements
SELECT FirstName FROM Student
UNION
SELECT FirstName FROM ab;
SELECT City FROM Student
SELECT FirstName From ab
ORDER BY City;

27. SQL SELECT INTO Statement
With SQL, you can copy information from one table into another.
The SELECT INTO statement copies data from one table and inserts it into a new table.
We can copy all columns into the new table:
SELECT * INTO newtable [IN externaldb] FROM table1;

28. SQL SELECT INTO Statement
Or we can copy only the columns we want into the new table:
SELECT column_name(s) INTO newtable [IN externaldb] FROM table1;

29. SQL SELECT INTO Statement
Copy only the German customers into the new table:
SELECT * INTO qq FROM Student WHERE City='Muscat';

30. SQL SELECT INTO Statement
INSERT INTO table2 (column_name(s)) SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1;

31. The SQL CREATE TABLE Statement
The CREATE TABLE statement is used to create a table in a database.
Tables are organized into rows and columns; and each table must have a name.
REATE TABLE table_name ( column_name1 data_type(size), column_name2 data_type(size), column_name3 data_type(size), .... );

32. The SQL CREATE TABLE Statement
CREATE TABLE Staff ( StaffID int, LastName varchar(255), FirstName varchar(255), Address varchar(255), City varchar(255) );

33. CREATE TABLE StaffNotNull ( S_Id int NOT NULL, LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL, FirstName varchar(255), Address varchar(255), City varchar(255) )