2. RAID Oh yes

3. Whats RAID? Redundant Array (of) Independent Disks. A scheme involving multiple disks which replicates data across multiple drives. Methods include Mirroring (maintaining an identical copy on another disk), Striping, (splitting data across disks), and Parity (error identification and correction methods)

4. Whats RAID good for? Helps prevent data loss though replication Can increase access times using multiple disks Can provide enterprise-level performance using inexpensive and unreliable hardware Decreases the probability that a hardware fault will bring down the availability of a server and can help prevent data loss. RAID is not a replacement for backups.

5. Cool, ok, how do I do it? Software RAID Usually at the operating system level Advanced levels usually only supported by enterprise grade systems Hardware RAID Interface cards Usually costly Most often times proprietary (cannot switch controller hardware to another brand without destroying the array)

6. So what kinds of RAID are available? Seven standard levels of RAID Each have their advantages and disadvantages Some non-standard levels, usually proprietary

7. RAID 0 (striping) Divides data into blocks, and then spreads the blocks amongst disks in the array Offers NO redundancy Any disk failure will corrupt the entire array

8. RAID 1 (mirroring) All Data is mirrored on duplicate disks Provides fault tolerance from failure from all but one drive. Least space efficient method Can be fast if implemented correctly

9. RAID 2 (Hamming Code ECC) Each word of data is spread out amongst disks Error Correction Codes are stored on dedicated ECC disks Many ECC disks are required, High controller costs. (No commercial implementations have been made)

10. RAID 3 (bit level striping with parity) Data block is subdivided (striped) and written to data disks. Parity is recorded on a dedicated parity disk. Higher efficiency than RAID 2, yet controllers are expensive. Too resource intensive to be implemented in software. Very high read and write transfer rates.

11. RAID 4 (block level striping with parity) Identical to RAID 4, but does block-level striping instead of byte-level striping. Again, complex controller design means high cost. Write speed is slower, read speed remains high.

12. RAID5 (Distributed Parity) Data blocks written on one data disk, Parity is stored on another disk Requires a minimum of 3 drives, can tolerate one disk failure. Storage efficiency is equal to the sum of the number of disks in the array, minus one disk. Good transfer rates, highest read rate. Efficient, and a very popular RAID level to use due to its low cost and high efficiency

13. RAID6 (redundant distributed parity) RAID 6 extends RAID 5 by using 2 sets of parity blocks – Total storage space is number of drives, minus 2 drives. Can tolerate 2 failures at once. Requires an additional parity calculation.

14. RAID 10 (Striped Mirrored arrays) Stripped array whose segments are RAID 1 arrays. Same overhead & fault tolerance as RAID 1 High speed Can sustain certain multiple drive failures