1. Monday, December 11
Today’s topic:
Pseudotherapies and Presentations
Upcoming Dates:
Homework:
Read about schizophrenia (pages )
Biomedical Therapy sheet due Wednesday
Assessments:
Presentations
Test Friday
From the reading and your research, what would be the best therapy approach to your assigned disorder?

2. Tuesday, December 12
Compared with your assigned disorder and the other disorders presented thus far, what are the similarities and differences between some of the disorders in the following areas (think about these things during the presentations):
Symptoms
Causes
Treatments
Statistics
Today’s topic:
Pseudotherapies, alternate therapy and presentations
Upcoming Dates:
Homework:
You should have read up to page 596 in chapter 12
Tonight, read about Personality Disorders (pages )
Tonight, read pages and complete Biomedical Therapy sheet by tomorrow
Assessments:
Presentations
Test Friday

3. Evaluating Pseudotherapies
As critical thinkers, exploring and evaluating pseudotherapies requires a scientific attitude -- being skeptical but not cynical, and open to surprise but not gullible.

4. Pseudotherapies
Every therapy, based on testimonials, will seem effective for some
Placebo effect? Regression toward the mean?
For many pseudotherapies, no scientific evidence about the effectiveness exists, because their proponents do conducted controlled experiments or the results are unreliable.
Hypnotherapists
Spiritualists
Anger-release therapists
Reflexologists
Aromatherapists
Colonic irrigationists
Mind-body therapists
Massage therapy
Herbal medicines

5. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)
A therapist attempts to unlock and reprocess previously frozen traumatic memories by waving a finger in front of the eyes of a person imagining a traumatic scene.
EMDR has its believers and also its critics
Combination of exposure therapy and the placebo effect?
EMDR Session

6. Light Exposure Therapy
Light exposure therapy – exposure to daily timed doses of light that mimics outdoor light.
Seasonal affective disorder – (SAD) a form of depression linked to periods of decreased sunlight.
Light comes out of manufactured light boxes that can be bought or rented from health supply and lighting stores.
Research and controlled experiments suggest that light exposure therapy diminishes symptoms associated with SAD.

7. Wednesday, December 13 What are the biggest symptoms of schizophrenia?
Schizophrenia is one of the most heavily researched disorders. What have they found to be the causes?
Most medications have side effects. How does this impact the person diagnosed with a disorder that is prescribed some medications?
Today’s topic:
Presentations
Upcoming Dates:
Homework:
You should have read all of chapter 12 and 13 by today
Review infographics, note sheets and crash course videos
Read pages (Developmental Psychology)
Terms due Friday
Assessments:
Test Friday

8. 2007 FRQ
Often misunderstood, schizophrenia is a psychological disorder affecting one percent of the population. In addition to treating the disorder, psychologists work to identify its nature and origins.
Identify two symptoms used to diagnose schizophrenia.
Discuss a research finding that supports a genetic basis for schizophrenia .
What is the dopamine hypothesis regarding the origins of schizophrenia?
Describe how medications used to treat schizophrenia affect the actions of neurotransmitters at the synapses.
Identify a risk inherent in using medications in the treatment of schizophrenia.
People sometimes confuse schizophrenia with dissociative identity disorder (DID). Identify two key characteristics that differentiate DID from schizophrenia.

9. The Biomedical Therapies
“Medicine, the only profession that labors incessantly to destroy the reason for its existence,”
- James Bryce

10. Biomedical Therapies Physically change the brain’s functioning…
Altering its chemistry with drugs
Overloading its circuits with electroconvulsive shock
Using magnetic impulses to stimulate or dampen activity
Altering its circuits through psychosurgery

11. Psychopharmacology
The study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior.
Led to more independent lives for sufferers of psychological disorders
Reduced hospitalization of many people
To evaluate the effectiveness of new drugs, researchers use the double-blind experimental technique to reduce researcher bias.

12. Antipsychotic Drugs
Lessen responsiveness to irrelevant stimuli by blocking dopamine receptors
helpful in treating schizophrenia’s positive symptoms,
1st generation – targeted D2 receptors
Tardive dykenesia - involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs
Thorazine
New generation – targets D1 receptors
Seem to increase the risk of obesity and diabetes
Clozapine, Risperdal, Zyprexa

13. Antianxiety Drugs Depress central nervous system activity
Can help a person learn to cope with frightening situations and fear-triggering stimuli.
Can be used as a crutch, without actually solving the root of the anxiety.
Users can become tolerant, addicted, and dependent on the medication.
Xanax, Ativan

14. Antidepressant Drugs
Increases the availability of norepinephrine or serotonin that elevate arousal and mood and appear scarce during depression.
Selective-serotonin-reuptake-inhibitors (SSRIs)– slow or block the reabsorption or reuptake of serotonin
The full effect takes 4 weeks
Suicide rates are lower for those taking antidepressant in the long-run but are concerning for those initially taking antidepressants
Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil

15. Mood Stabilizing Drugs
Lithium – bipolar disorder
Unclear how it stabilizes moods.

16. Brain Stimulation
Electroconvulsive therapy - for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient
Past stigma still follows ECT
Patients receive a general anesthetic and a muscle relaxant to prevent injury from convulsions.
The patient awakens with no recollection of the treatment or the hours preceding it.

17. ECT No one knows for sure why ECT works.
Usage is limited to severe depression that does not respond to drug therapies.
No one knows for sure why ECT works.
May calm the brain centers that produce over activity that cause depression?

18. Brain Stimulation
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) – the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity.
Penetrates only to brain’s surface
Painless
Wide-awake patients for minutes for 2-4 weeks
No seizures, memory loss, or other side effects

19. Psychosurgery
Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior.
Effects are irreversible – most drastic and least-used biomedical treatment
Lobotomy – a now-rare psychosurgical procedure that cut the nerves that connect the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain.
Developed in the 1930s
Shock the patient into a coma
Hammer an icepicklike instrument through each eye socket into the brain, then wiggle it to sever connections running up to the frontal lobes.

20. Lobotomies Crude but easy and inexpensive (10 minutes)
Tens of thousands of severely disturbed people were lobotomized during the 1940s- 50s
The lobotomy usually produced a permanently lethargic, immature, impulsive personality.
In the 1950s, calming drugs were introduced and lobotomized fell out of favor in the US.
Other early therapies

21. It’s Friday! January 6 Today’s topic: Upcoming Dates:
Biomedical Therapy (Medication)
Upcoming Dates:
Homework:
Read and Review! You should have read all of chapters 12 and 13 by today
Assessments:
Test Monday, 1/9
If there is a delay, we will still have the test Monday
If there is no school Monday, it will be Tuesday
Retest day Wednesday, 1/11
What are any similarities and differences that you have seen so far with the types of medicines used to treat people with different disorders?
Most medications have side effects. How does this impact the person diagnosed with a disorder that is prescribed some medications?