1. Preservation Metadata And Digital Rights Management
Linda Pikula
NOAA
OceanTeacher Global Academy Pilot Course
Digital Asset Management
30 September/4 October, 2013
Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI) OceanTeacher Regional Training Centre
Mombasa, Kenya

3. New Edition 2013
How to catalog for preservation – metadata required

4. Definition of Preservation Metadata
Metadata – ‘data about data’ – is a familiar concept for information professionals, although
preservation metadata is perhaps less so.
Even though preservation metadata, in one form or another, is a standard component of most digital preservation implementations, ambiguity still surrounds its scope, and even its purpose.
One reason that preservation metadata is difficult to categorize precisely is that it does not fit neatly within well-known categories such as descriptive, structural, or administrative metadata (see Glossary for definitions) (Caplan, 2003, p. 3). Instead, preservation metadata can extend across all three.
Therefore, the scope of preservation metadata is best understood not so much on the basis of the detailed function of the metadata – i.e., to describe, to structure, to administer – but instead on the process, or larger purpose that the metadata is intended to support. And this is where a definition of preservation metadata begins:
It is metadata that supports the process of long-term digital preservation.

5. Preservation Metadata
PM is metadata that supports the distinct requirements of digital preservation: maintaining the availability, identify, persistence, renderability, understandabiity and authenticity of digital objects over long periods of time.

6. Preservation Metadata
Preservation metadata often includes the following information:
Provenance: Who has had custody/ownership of the digital object?
Authenticity: Is the digital object what it purports to be?
Preservation activity: What has been done to preserve the digital object?
Technical environment: What is needed to render, interact with and use the digital object?
Rights management: What intellectual property rights must be observed?
Credit: Preservation metadata-Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

7. Provenance
The provenance of the object: Information describing the custodial history of the object, potentially stretching back to the object’s creation, and moving forward through successive changes in physical custody and/or ownership. Provenance information includes descriptions of the actions that have been taken to preserve the object over time. Such information describes aspects of the digital preservation process used to maintain the object; it would also record any consequences of this process that alter the content, or look, feel, and functionality of the object. Related to this would be information that serves to establish and validate the object’s authenticity, i.e., that the preserved object is in fact what it purports to be, and has not been altered, intentionally or unintentionally, in an undocumented way. Authenticity would include such elements as fixity and integrity Anthony Smith will go into this in more depth….

8. Authenticity
authenticity: the digital identity and integrity are inferred from the circumstances of their maintenance and preservation thanks to “an unbroken chain of responsible and legitimate custody” which shifts from the producer to the trusted custodian

9. Preservation Activity
What has been done to preserve the digital object? What has been the history….

10. Technical Environment
The technical and interpretative environment associated with the object: Information that describes the technical requirements needed to access, render, and use the object. Such information would include a description of the object’s file format, as well as the software applications, operating system, and hardware needed to make the object usable, given the state in which it is currently stored in the repository. In addition to technical information, ‘intellectual’ information may be needed to make the preserved object understandable to future users. For example, if the object consists of a set of records describing a sequence of climate observations, interpretative information might include a data dictionary describing the record structure and the meaning of each field, as well as a description of the instruments and instrument calibrations used to record the observations. Information in this category aligns with what the OAIS reference model describes as representation information

11. Rights Management
Rights management information: Information that describes any intellectual property rights currently in force that may validate (or limit) the repository’s powers to preserve the object, or provide access to it. Such information would document the nature of the intellectual property rights relevant to the digital preservation process, as well as the source from which the right is conferred: for example, statutes, licenses, copyright, etc.

12. Digital Materials
These environments keep evolving and changing at a rapid pace, threatening the continuity of access to the content.[4] Physical storage media, data formats, hardware, and software all become obsolete over time, posing significant threats to the survival of the content.[3] This process can be referred to as digital obsolescence.

13. Glossary of Terms
Administrative Metadata –metadata designed to enable management of a digital object, usual divided into preservation metadata, rights management metadata, technical metadata and source metadata Rights Management Metadata- XML – (eXtensible markup Language)Widely used application independent markup language for encoding data and metadata SIP- (Submission Information Package) In OAIS model a collection of content and preservation description ifnormation which is submitted to an OAIS compliant archive

14. Digital Rights Management DRM
Linda Pikula
NOAA
OceanTeacher Global Academy Pilot Course
Digital Asset Management
30 September/4 October, 2013
Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI) OceanTeacher Regional Training Centre
Mombasa, Kenya

15. Digital Rights Management
Digital rights management (DRM) is a class of controversial technologies[1] that are used by hardware manufacturers, publishers, copyright holders, and individuals with the intent to control the use of digital content and devices after sale ;[1][2][3]
From Wikipedia

16. Other definitions of DRM
With First-generation DRM software, the intent is to control copying while Second-generation DRM schemes seek to control viewing, copying, printing, and altering of works or devices. The term is also sometimes referred to as copy protection, copy prevention, and copy control, although the correctness of doing so is disputed.[5

17. DRM= Access Control DRM is a set of access control technologies.
Companies such as Amazon, AT&T, AOL, Apple Inc., Google,[8] BBC, Microsoft, Electronic Arts, and Sony use digital rights management.

18. Class Exercise:
On the Internet – go to one of these and find an example of access control. We will discuss in class Amazon.com Sony Elsevier- Progress in Oceanography (journal)

20. Digital Rights Management (DRM systems) systems are used to manage your use of digital con-tent, and to protect digital content against un-authorized use. DRM can come in many different forms. They are embedded both in physical media (i.e. CDs or DVDs) and in content distributed online, such as music files, e-books, texts, images and games distributed online, or video on demand. Online distribution can take place via the internet, interactive TV networks and wire-less communication. Some examples of services or products that use DRM are:
CDs or DVDs with electronic copy protection;
a cell phone that can’t be used to make a phone call to another country?
online services where you can download songs, videos, entire albums or electronic books, like iTunes, RealPlayer Music Store, Ciando, Movielink, Moviefone;
a DVD that can be played only in certain countries, not in others;
pay-TV, pay-per-view, or video-on-demand.
For example, the copy protection on a CD or DVD (i.e. offline media) is considered a DRM, as are encryption methods used in internet music stores (i.e. online media). This can lead to a song downloaded in a particular format, for example in Windows Media format, not being able to be reproduced on a popular player, such as an Ap-ple iPod. In particular in connection with online media, DRM is generally used in combination with contracts; one task of DRM systems here is actually to enforce the contractual conditions on the extent of the utilization opportunities (more about this in section 5).
DRM employs various techniques to manage and control the use of digital content, mainly en-crypting, marking or selective incompatibility:

21. Digital Millennium Copyright Act
In 1998, the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) was passed in the United States to impose criminal penalties on those who make available technologies whose primary purpose and function are to circumvent content protection technologies.

22. Long title
To amend title 17, United States Code, to implement the World Intellectual Property Organization Copyright Treaty and Performances and Phonograms Treaty, and for other purposes.
Colloquial acronym(s)
DMCA
Enacted by the 
105th United States Congress
Effective
October 28, 1998

23. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act

26. EU Copyright Directive-EUCD
On May 22, 2001, the European Union passed the EU Copyright Directive or EUCD, which addresses some of the same issues as the DMCA. But the DMCA's principal innovation in the field of copyright, the exemption from direct and indirect liability of internet service providers and other intermediaries (Title II of the DMCA), was separately addressed, and largely followed, in Europe by means of the separate Electronic Commerce Directive.
(Unlike U.S. federal laws and regulations, the execution of European Union directives usually requires separate legislation by or within each of the Union's member states.)

27. World Intellectual Property Organization
Org type
Specialized Agency
Acronyms
WIPO, OMPI
Head
Director-General of WIPO Francis Gurry
Status
Active
Established
July 14, 1967
Headquarters
Geneva, Switzerland
Website

28. WIPO is Specialized agency of the UN
Mandate of WIPO- "to encourage creative activity, to promote the protection of intellectual property throughout the world."
What is your country’s position on DRM and Copyright?
Is your country a member of the WIPO?

29. WIPO
186 Members
Non-members are the states of Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, Palau, Solomon Islands, South Sudan, Timor-Leste, Tuvalu. Palestine has observer status

31. International Copyright-UNESCO
12313&URL_D
Copyright and rights protection
Creativity, enhancement of cultural diversity
Piracy and low enforcement level of copyright laws destroy incentive for creation and distribution of local cultural products
UNESCO –Framework Global Alliance for Cultural Diversity promotes awareness and capacity-building projects, training and research in copyright law. Strong on fighting against piracy

32. UNESCO’s Tools Basic Notions about Copyright and Related Rights (pdf)
What is Copyright? Marcel Marceau mimes it 
UNESCO publications, including the e-Copyright Bulletin in six languages
Collection of national copyright laws
Anti-piracy 
Network of Copyright Chairs 
Guide to the Collective Administration of Author’s Rights (pdf), a useful tool for the development of collecting societies.

33. UNESCO’s Collection of National Copyright Laws
Africa Arab States Asia and the Pacific Europe and North America Latin America and the Caribbean

34. Copyright Basics U.S.
Digital Images and Copyright
ALA Copyright General (U.S.)
Woods Hole Copyright Page
CILIP-Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals - Copyright for Beginners

35. Creative Commons: alternative copyright
Creative Commons defines the spectrum of possibilities between full copyright — all rights reserved — and the public domain — no rights reserved. Our licenses help you keep your copyright while inviting certain uses of your work — a “some rights reserved” copyright.

36. Credits
Wikipedia
Preservation metadata (2nd edition) Brian Lavoie and Richard Gartner. DPC Technology Watch Report May 2013