1. Evidences of Evolution
Presented By: Mr. Godinez

2. Evolution is
Genetic change in a population through time

3. Evidence of Evolution
Evidence for evolution are grouped into four main catagories:
Biochemical
Fossil Record
Comparative Anatomy
Observable Events

4. OBSERVABLE EVENTS
Some changes in species have been observed and studied:
Observable events show that evolution is an ongoing process
Peter & Rosemary Grant’s Study of Beak Size Shift in Darwin’s Finches
H. Kettlewell’s Study of Peppered Moth Color Shifts

5. Fossil Record Paleontology- study of fossils
Fossil- remains or traces of an organism that lived long ago
Remains:
Bone, tooth, or shell
Traces:
Burrow, footprint or imprint

6. COMPARATIVE ANATOMY HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES
structures with similar structure but different function
limbs of vertebrates
(human, horse, cat, bat)
Similar genes
Descent from a common ancestor

7. COMPARATIVE ANATOMY VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES
organs so reduced in size that they are nonfunctioning remnants of similar organs in other species
human tailbone, appendix, whale pelvis
an organism’s evolutionary past
a common ancestor with species that have similar structures that are still functioning
Whale pelvis diagram by cbray

8. COMPARATIVE ANATOMY EMBRYOLOGY
Embryos of different species may appear similar in early stages of development
ex: vertebrate development
Comparison of similarities in embryos can show:
Relationship to a common ancestor
Embryo drawings by cbray

9. Fossil Record Most fossils are found in layered sedimentary rock
Oldest fossils are on the lowest layer
Comparing fossils from different layers shows:
Life on Earth has changed
Increased number of life forms

10. Biochemical The Genetic Code
Triplets of DNA nucleotides sequences that code for specific amino acids
a.a. triplet is the same in almost all organisms
Demonstrates there is a probable common ancestor for all life on Earth

11. Biochemical “Universal” Genetic Code Similar genes
Overt he ages, the genetic code has passed unchanged (mostly) from parent to offspring.

12. Number of differences from human hemoglobin
BIOCHEMICAL
AMINO ACID SEQUENCING
The amino acid sequence in a particular protein is compared between organisms. 8
125 45 27
Amino acid differences designed by cbray (with PPT clip art) 67 1
Number of differences from human hemoglobin

13. Biochemical Comparing a.a. sequence shows:
a.a. sequencing is probably the Strongest evidence for relationships among organisms.
Amino Acid Differences in Hemoglobin Compared with Human
Species
Differences
Gorilla 1
Rhesus Monkey 8
Mouse 27
Chicken
45f
Frog 67
Lamprey
125

14. Number of Amino Acid Differences
BIOCHEMICAL
CLADOGRAM: diagram that shows the evolutionary relationship among a group of organisms. B A C D
Number of Amino Acid Differences
150
100 50 40 20 30 10
Where would the common ancestor be?
What organism belongs at each branch? E F
Amino acid differences chart by lpriddy G
Common ancestor

15. Conclusion
Darwin argued that living things have been evolving on Earth for millions of years.
Evidence for this process could be found in:
the fossil record
the geographical distribution of living species
homologous structures of living organisms
similarities in early development, or embryology.

16. Works Cited
“Geographic Distribution of Organisms” photo: Miller, Kenneth and Levine, Joseph. (2004). Biology. Prentice Hall.