1. “ Summing up ! ”

2. Technical concerns
Consensus on positives of cash transfers – food purchase (50–70%), dietary diversity, non‑food essential spending (e.g. health), asset protection.
No clear consensus yet on:
Market effects – Pilot projects have negligible impacts on markets/ trade. If cash transfers go to scale: Inflationary impacts? Supply response? Role of traders?
Social effects – gender, community relations, impact on informal transfers
Scaling up – modalities & politics & affordability & sustainability.
Are cash transfers more vulnerable to corruption than food? mis‑use?

3. Politics / sustainability / rights
“How to move from small-scale NGO-led projects to national government-led institutionalised programmes?
Political analysis; political will; affordability concerns; donor funding commitments.
“How to make governments accountable for addressing hunger in their own countries?”
“How to make social protection empowering and not stigmatising?”
“Rights should come first, not last.”
But: Rights are dangerous – they can raise unrealistic expectations, place unfair pressure on governments with limited capacity and funds.

4. Cash / food Need to move beyond the “cash versus food” debate.
“Food aid is guilty until proven innocent; cash is innocent until proved guilty!”
“Cash versus food or cash plus food?”
Complementarity, not competition.
Context-specific solutions to context-specific vulnerabilities, or integrated holistic social protection programmes?

5. Research / Learning “Do we need more research?”
“What additional research do we need?”
“What are the knowledge gaps?”
Evidence base is small, claims and extrapolations being made are very big!
Innovative experimentation with pilot projects (cash transfers, food + cash, vouchers, conditional cash transfers, new technology) – generates much learning.
Lessons need to be consolidated and disseminated – also from beyond the region.
M&E needs to be invested in to capture learning and refine delivery for maximum impact.

6. Immediate research priorities?
Focus on “upstream” constraints – political will is needed before implementation.
Unresolved issues:
Scaling up – Replication? Networking?
How to influence political will?
Affordability (in the long run)
Financing social protection
Consolidation / Coalition:
Pooling research resources
Sharing information / methodologies / findings
Advocating together