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The Recent Developments in Visual Secret Sharing
Chair Professor Chin-Chen Chang (張真誠) National Tsing Hua University (清華大學) National Chung Cheng University (中正大學) Feng Chia University (逢甲大學)
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Outlines Concept of Secret Sharing Concept of visual cryptography
Visual cryptography for binary images Visual cryptography for grayscale images Meaningful visual cryptography for grayscale images Meaningful and progressive visual cryptography Visual cryptography for color images Authenticatable VSS Scheme
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Traditional (t, n)-secret sharing (Shamir’s Method 1979)
secret message (2, 3)-secret sharing Alice Bob Ken shadows secret retrieval Shamir, A. (1979): How to Share a Secret, CACM, Vol. 22, Nov. 1979, pp
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How to Share a Secret (t, n)-threshold Scheme
Ex: (2, 3)-threshold Scheme (The secret k=7) 3 shadows: (1, 9), (2, 0), (3, 2) y (3, 2) (2, 0) (1, 9) x
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How to Share a Secret (t, n)-threshold Scheme
Ex: (3, 5)-threshold Scheme (t=3, n=5, k=13, p=17) Alice Bob Ken Jesse Eva ID1=1 ID2=2 ID3=3 ID4=4 ID5=5 (1, 8) (3, 10) (5, 11) Lagrange Interpolation k
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Concept of Visual Cryptography
Traditional Cryptography Symmetric: DES, AES Asymmetric: RSA The encryption and decryption processes need high computation costs Need secret key for decoding Visual Cryptography low computation Fast decoding Without the secret key
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The Secret Image: Airplane
Hidden in Hidden in The Basis Image: Mickey The Counterfeit Image: Minnie
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The Basis Image: Mickey
The Counterfeit Image: Minnie The Expanded Counterfeit Image: Minnie-3X3 The Expanded Basis Image: Mickey-3X3
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Mickey-3X3 Minnie-3X3 Airplane
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Visual Cryptography for Binary Image
Naor and Shamir (1994) proposed a (k, k)–VSS scheme Extend a secret pixel into a block of 22 sub-pixels Contain two white pixels and two black pixels for each block White pixel: transparent Black pixel: black
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Secret pixel Share 1 Secret image stacked result Share 2
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Visual Cryptography for Grayscale Image
Transfer the grayscale image to the halftone image Utilize the density of black dots to simulate the content of grayscale image White area: low density of black dots Black area: high density of black dots
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Share 1 Share 2
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Meaningful Visual Cryptography for Grayscale Image
secret image cover image shadow 1 shadow 2 camouflage stego image1 stego image2
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shadow1 shadow1 transparent shadow2 shadow2 stego image1 stego image2
1 1 167 97 140 150 shadow2 shadow2 stego image1 1 1 167 170 83 140 stego image2 152 167 140 137 170 97 150 83 cover image
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140 150 167 97 stego image1 stacked result 140 167 83 170 stego image2
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Experimental Results shadow1 cover image1 stego image1 shadow2
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stego image1 stego image2 stacked result
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shadow1 cover image1 stego image1 shadow2 cover image2 stego image2
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stego image1 stego image2 stacked result
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Meaningful and Progressive Visual Cryptography
Meaningful shares: friendly content Progressive visual cryptography Improve the stacked result progressively
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Progressive Visual Cryptography (t, 6)
(2, 6) (3, 6) (4, 6) (5, 6) (6, 6)
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Progressive & Meaningful Visual Cryptography
Meaningful shares: friendly content … shadow 1 shadow n secret image camouflage cover image … stego image1 stego image n
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extended secret image secret image cover image shadow image secret image cover image shadow image 1 shadow image 2 shadow image 3 shadow image 4
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secret image cover image t =2 t = 3
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Experimental Results (2, 6) (3, 6) (4, 6) (5, 6) (6, 6)
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Visual Cryptography for Color Image
RGB: TV’s and Monitors CMY: Color Printing Press
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Experimental Results shadow image 1 shadow image 2 stacked image 2
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Authentication 32 Participant 1 Stack Share 1 Recovered secret image
Hacker 32 Authentication Stack Participant 1 Share 1 Recovered secret image Original secret image Participant 2 Share 2 32
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Authentication Legal extra Legal revealed confidential image
secret image Correct stacking result Correct stacking result Share 1 Share 1 Share 2 Share 2 33
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Authentication Tampered revealed Nothing secret image Tampered share 1
Tampered secret image Tampered secret image Tampered share 1 Tampered share 1 Share 2 Share 2 34
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Authenticatable VSS Scheme for Binary Secret
Grayscale image Lena Grayscale image Baboon Binary main secret Halftone image of Lena Halftone image of Baboon Binary extra confidential image
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Revealed extra confidential image
Authenticatable VSS Scheme for Binary Secret Share image A Share image B Stacking result Revealed extra confidential image
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Authenticatable VSS Scheme for Color Secret
Color image Lena Color image Baboon Color main secret Color halftone image of Lena Color halftone image of Baboon Color halftone extra confidential image
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Revealed extra confidential image
Authenticatable VSS Scheme for Color Secret Share image A Share image B Stacking result Revealed extra confidential image
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Visual cryptography (Cont.)
Rotating 40o Stacking Stacking Share 1 Share 2 Secret 1 “VISUAL” Secret 2 “SECRET”
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Steganography (Cont.) Text Video Sound 壞的毛病 壞毛病 山東的蘋果 山東蘋果 我的媽媽 我媽媽
壞的毛病 壞毛病 山東的蘋果 山東蘋果 我的媽媽 我媽媽 主要的問題 主要問題 另外的一件事 另外一件事 其他的問題 其他問題 北京的大學 北京大學 Video Sound
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Conclusions An alternative for hiding visual secret Less secret
Low computation cost
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Thanks for your listening
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