1. AP World History Chapter 21
The Muslim Empires

2. The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders
Mid-1200s, Mongols defeat Seljuks
Ottomans emerge dominant
Into Balkans, 14th, 15th centuries
1453, take Constantinople
Expansion
Middle East, north Africa, Europe
Dominate Mediterranean
A. A State Geared to Warfare Military dominant
Turkic horsemen become warrior nobility
Janissary infantry
Conscripted youth from conquered peoples

4. The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders  
B. The Sultans and their Court
Use factions against each other
Vizier
Oversees large bureaucracy
Succession
No clear rules
C. Constantinople Restored and the Flowering of Ottoman Culture
Suleymaniye mosque, 16th century
Commercial center
Government control of trade, crafts
Artisan guilds
Turkish prevails

6. I. The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders
D. The Problem of Ottoman Decline
Strong until late 1600s
Decline
Extended
Infrastructure insufficient
Dependent on conquest
End of conquest brings deficiencies
Regional leaders divert revenue
Sultans less dynamic

8. . The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders
E. Military Reverses and the Ottoman Retreat
Janissaries
Conservative
Stop military, technological reform
Lepanto, 1571
Defeated by Spain, Venice
Turks lose control of eastern Mediterranean
Portuguese outflank Middle East trade
Sail around Africa into Indian Ocean
Victories over Muslim navies
Inflation
Caused by New World bullion
Comes at same time as loss of revenue from control of trade