1. Volume 142, Issue 4, Pages 734-743.e7 (April 2012)
Response of the Upper Esophageal Sphincter to Esophageal Distension Is Affected by Posture, Velocity, Volume, and Composition of the Infusate 
Arash Babaei, Kulwinder Dua, Sohrab Rahimi Naini, Justin Lee, Omar Katib, Ke Yan, Raymond Hoffmann, Reza Shaker 
Gastroenterology 
Volume 142, Issue 4, Pages e7 (April 2012)
DOI: /j.gastro
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2. Figure 1
Qualitative characterization of UES response to distal esophageal perfusion. (A) Volume effect: frequency of predominant UES response to air and liquid distension across different volumes shown as a percentage of total (n = 12,283 trials). (B) Posture effect: frequency of predominant UES response across various postures shown as a percentage of total (n = 12,283 trials). (C) Panels I and II show representative examples of distal esophageal 50-mL air insufflations in upright and supine posture, respectively. Panel I displays complete UES relaxation associated with a belch reflex (increase in gastric pressure and pharyngeal air escape) and minimal esophageal or LES response. Panel II displays an immediate UES contractile response, complete LES relaxation, and a secondary peristaltic wave. Panels III and IV show representative examples of distal esophageal 50-mL water infusions in upright and supine posture, respectively. Panel III shows secondary peristalsis and complete LES relaxation without any discernible UES response. Panel IV displays a coordinated UES contractile response, secondary peristalsis, and complete LES relaxation.
Gastroenterology  , e7DOI: ( /j.gastro )
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3. Figure 2
Timing of UES response across all study conditions during all 864 events (n = 12). (A) UES response lag after esophageal distension. (B) Distinctive UES response lags in response to air and water infusion. Panels I and II display a very short UES relaxation and contraction lag with air insufflation. Panel III shows a more delayed UES contraction response with water perfusion.
Gastroenterology  , e7DOI: ( /j.gastro )
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4. Figure 3
Esophageal pressure during distal esophageal perfusion. Amplitude of esophageal pressure in proximal and distal segments across all study conditions during all 864 events (n = 12).
Gastroenterology  , e7DOI: ( /j.gastro )
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5. Figure 4
Rate of esophageal pressure increase (dp/dt) during distal esophageal perfusion. Average dp/dt across all study conditions during all 864 events (n = 12).
Gastroenterology  , e7DOI: ( /j.gastro )
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6. Figure 5
Esophageal response to distal esophageal perfusion (n = 12). Frequency of predominant esophageal response to air and liquid distension across different postures shown as a percentage of total (275/288 trials).
Gastroenterology  , e7DOI: ( /j.gastro )
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7. Figure 6
LES response to distal esophageal perfusion (n = 12). Frequency of predominant LES response to air and liquid distension across different postures shown as a percentage of total (286/288 trials).
Gastroenterology  , e7DOI: ( /j.gastro )
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8. Figure 7
Effect of dp/dt on UES response. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of UES relaxation as a binary outcome (yes or no) plotted against dp/dt of esophageal distension for all events (n = 12, 864 events). ROC area under the curve is 0.91, and best classifier is dp/dt = 82 mm Hg/s with accuracy of 86.1%.
Gastroenterology  , e7DOI: ( /j.gastro )
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9. Supplementary Figure 1
Further characteristics of UES response to distal esophageal perfusion across all study conditions during all 864 events (n = 12). (A) Percentage type of all UES responses, (B) amplitude of UES pressure change, (C) UES pressure change as a percentage of baseline, and (D) UES response duration.
Gastroenterology  , e7DOI: ( /j.gastro )
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10. Supplementary Figure 1
Further characteristics of UES response to distal esophageal perfusion across all study conditions during all 864 events (n = 12). (A) Percentage type of all UES responses, (B) amplitude of UES pressure change, (C) UES pressure change as a percentage of baseline, and (D) UES response duration.
Gastroenterology  , e7DOI: ( /j.gastro )
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11. Supplementary Figure 2
Rate of esophageal pressure increase (dp/dt) during distal esophageal perfusion across all study conditions during all 864 events (n = 12), categorized based on UES response. (A) Proximal esophagus and (B) distal esophagus.
Gastroenterology  , e7DOI: ( /j.gastro )
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12. Supplementary Figure 3
Esophageal response to esophageal infusion across all study conditions (n = 12,864 events). (A) Percentage type of esophageal response, (B) esophageal response lag, and (C) extent of increase in esophageal luminal pressure along proximal and distal segments.
Gastroenterology  , e7DOI: ( /j.gastro )
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13. Supplementary Figure 3
Esophageal response to esophageal infusion across all study conditions (n = 12,864 events). (A) Percentage type of esophageal response, (B) esophageal response lag, and (C) extent of increase in esophageal luminal pressure along proximal and distal segments.
Gastroenterology  , e7DOI: ( /j.gastro )
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14. Supplementary Figure 4
LES response to distal esophageal infusion across all study conditions (n = 12). (A) Percentage type of LES response and (B) LES response lag.
Gastroenterology  , e7DOI: ( /j.gastro )
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15. Supplementary Figure 5
Qualitative characterization of UES response to distal esophageal acid infusion during 189 events (n = 7). (A) Posture effect: frequency of predominant UES response to acid infusion across various postures shown as a percentage of total (n = 7189 trials). (B) Volume effect: frequency of predominant UES response to acid infusion across different volumes shown as a percentage of total (n = 7189 trials). (C) Comparison of UES response between distal esophageal infusion of acid and water.
Gastroenterology  , e7DOI: ( /j.gastro )
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