1. Section 1 Ecosystems: Everything is Connected
Chapter 4
Objectives
Distinguish between the biotic and abiotic factors in an ecosystem.
Describe how a population differs from a species.
Explain how habitats are important for organisms.

2. Vocabulary for Unit 2 – on Page 10
Ecosystem Decomposer Biotic Factor Food Web Abiotic Factor Food Chain Habitat Niche Adaptation Eutrophication Photosynthesis Primary Succession Cellular Respiration Secondary Succession Producer/Autotroph Nitrogen Fixation Consumer/Heterotroph 10% Rule Pioneer Species

3. Chapter 4 Defining an Ecosystem
Section 1 Ecosystems: Everything is Connected
Chapter 4
Defining an Ecosystem
Ecosystems are communities of organisms and their abiotic environment.
Examples are an oak forest or a coral reef.
Ecosystems do not have clear boundaries.
Things move from one ecosystem to another. Pollen can blow from a forest into a field, soil can wash from a mountain into a lake, and birds migrate from state to state.

4. The Components of an Ecosystem
Section 1 Ecosystems: Everything is Connected
Chapter 4
The Components of an Ecosystem
In order to survive, ecosystems need five basic components: energy, mineral nutrients, water, oxygen, and living organisms.
Plants and rocks are components of the land ecosystems, while most of the energy of an ecosystem comes from the sun.
If one part of the ecosystem is destroyed or changes, the entire system will be affected.

5. Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Section 1 Ecosystems: Everything is Connected
Chapter 4
Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Biotic factors are environmental factors that are associated with or results from the activities of living organisms which includes plants, animals, dead organisms, and the waste products of organisms.
Abiotic factors are environmental factors that are not associated with the activities of living organisms which includes air, water, rocks, and temperature.
Scientists can organize these living and nonliving things into various levels.

6. Biotic and Abiotic Video
1. The ____________ contains living and nonliving thins.
2. Living things in an ecosystem are called __________ factors.
3. Living things include ___________, _______________, bacteria, fungi, and more.
4. The non-living things in an ecosystem are called _________
factors.
5. Some non-living things are ________, ___________________, water,
atmospheric gases, and soil.
6. Plants use sunlight, water and CO2 to make ____________.
7. When the temperature gets too hot, turtles seek protection in the cool _________________________.
8. All biotic factors need _________________ to survive
9. When the temperature drops and the snow falls, some foxes grow a white fur _____________.
10.The color matches its surroundings, a _________________ known as camouflage.
11. Bacteria are ____________________.
12.Nutrients reenter the soil making the ground _____________.

7. Biotic & Abiotic Factors

8. Biotic and Abiotic Video
1. The ecosystem contains living and nonliving things.
2. Living things in an ecosystem are called biotic factors.
3. Living things include plants, animals, bacteria, fungi, and more.
4. The non-living things in an ecosystem are called abiotic
factors.
5. Some non-living things are sun, temperature, water, atmospheric gases, and soil.
6. Plants use sunlight, water and CO2 to make food.
7. When the temperature gets too hot, turtles seek protection in the cool underground.
8. All biotic factors need water to survive
9. When the temperature drops and the snow falls, some foxes grow a white fur coat.
10.The color matches its surroundings, an adaptation known as camouflage.
11. Bacteria are decomposers.
12.Nutrients reenter the soil making the ground fertile.

9. Levels of Ecological Organization
Section 1 Ecosystems: Everything is Connected
Chapter 4
Levels of Ecological Organization
Pick-up Figure 4, page 95

10. Section 1 Ecosystems: Everything is Connected
Chapter 4
Organisms
Organisms are living things that can carry out life processes independently.
You are an organism, as is and ant, and ivy plant, and each of the many bacteria living in your intestines.
Every organism is a member of a species.
Species are groups of organisms that are closely related can can mate to produce fertile offspring.

11. Section 1 Ecosystems: Everything is Connected
Chapter 4
Populations
Members of a species may not all live in the same place. Field mice in Maine will not interact with field mice in Texas. However, each organism lives as part of a population.
Populations are groups of organisms of the same species that live in a specific geographical area and interbreed.
For example, all the field mice in a corn field make up a population of field mice.

12. Section 1 Ecosystems: Everything is Connected
Chapter 4
Populations
An important characteristic of a population is that its members usually breed with one another rather than with members of other populations
For example, bison will usually mate with another member of the same herd, just as wildflowers will usually be pollinated by other flowers in the same field.

13. Populations, Communities, and Ecosystems Video
1. The population of ________________ on earth is increasing everyday.
2. Scientists have measured the growth to be _______ new people every second.
3. Another example of a population is all of the ___________ in the forest.
4. A population is a group of the ___________ organisms living in an area.
5. Sometimes different ___________________ live in the same area.
6. There can be a population of ____________ and a population of pine _____________.
7. In a forest, a population of owls ___________ with a population of mice.
8. An __________________ is a term that scientists give to all of the living and non-living things in an area.
9.Examples of ecosystems: ____________ and _______________.
10. Populations are all members of ________ species.
11. Communities are ______________ populations.
12. ___________________ include communities and the nonliving parts.

14. Populations Communities Video

15. Populations, Communities, and Ecosystems Video
1. The population of people on earth is increasing everyday.
2. Scientists have measured the growth to be three new people every second.
3. Another example of a population is all of the owls in the forest.
4. A population is a group of the same organisms living in an area.
5. Sometimes different populations live in the same area.
6. There can be a population of mice and a population of pine trees.
7. In a forest, a population of owls interact with a population of mice.
8. An ecosystem is a term that scientists give to all of the living and non-living things in an area.
9.Examples of ecosystems: Forest and desert
10. Populations are all members of one species.
11. Communities are many populations.
12. Ecosystems include communities and the nonliving parts.

16. Section 1 Ecosystems: Everything is Connected
Chapter 4
Communities
Communities are groups of various species that live in the same habitat and interact with each other.
Every population is part of a community.
The most obvious difference between communities is the types of species they have.
Land communities are often dominated by a few species of plants. These plants then determine what other organisms can live in that community.

17. Chapter 4 Habitat Habitats are places where an organism usually lives.
Section 1 Ecosystems: Everything is Connected
Chapter 4
Habitat
Habitats are places where an organism usually lives.
Every habitat has specific characteristics that the organisms that live there need to survive. If any of these factors change, the habitat changes.
Organisms tend to be very well suited to their natural habitats. If fact, animals and plants usually cannot survive for long periods of time away from their natural habitat.

18. Habitat Video 1. Does a polar bear belong in a desert? YES or NO
2. Animals need these too; _________________, ___________________, shelter, and space to live.
3. Plants and animals all fall somewhere along the food chain, which is a model we use describe the flow of
_______________ between living things.
4. Food chains are actually all tangled around with each other; with many different ones ____________________, kind of like a web.
5. The plants, trees, grass, and other plants that change energy from the _____________ into ____________________.
6. Today an owl makes a ___________________ his lunch, but tomorrow it maybe a rabbit.
7. Finally the decomposers, insects, fungi, and __________________________ are breaking down whatever is left over.
8. As the break down matter, they provide more nutrients for the _____________________.
9. Zoom way in. Can you see those tiny plants? They are call phytoplankton, and just like __________________ on land they convert energy from the ________________.
10. Real small creatures called zooplankton eat the phytoplankton, and all kinds of small ___ dine on the zooplankton.
11. What else eats fish? Seals – That’s our polar bear’s _______________________ food.
12. As for decomposers, there are bacteria but since it is so ______________ the decomposers breakdown matter much more slowly than in the forest.
13. So you can see; food webs and the ecosystems that support them look different in different parts in the world depending on the _________________________ conditions.
14. The food that is available to them has enough ______________ and ___________________ to keep his energy up.
15. A polar bear is not built to survive in the ___________________ or ________________________.

19. Habitat Video

20. Habitat Video 1. Does a polar bear belong in a desert? YES or NO
2. Animals need these too; food, water, shelter, and space to live.
3. Plants and animals all fall somewhere along the food chain, which is a model we use describe the flow of energy between living things.
4. Food chains are actually all tangled around with each other; with many different ones overlapping, kind of like a web.
5. The plants, trees, grass, and other plants that change energy from the sun into sugar.
6. Today an owl makes a mouse his lunch, but tomorrow it maybe a rabbit.
7. Finally the decomposers, insects, fungi, and bacteria are breaking down whatever is left over.
8. As the break down matter, they provide more nutrients for the plants.
9. Zoom way in. Can you see those tiny plants? They are call phytoplankton, and just like plants on land they convert energy from the sun.
10. Real small creatures called zooplankton eat the phytoplankton, and all kinds of small fish dine on the zooplankton.
11. What else eats fish? Seals – That’s our polar bear’s favorite food.
12. As for decomposers, there are bacteria but since it is so cold the decomposers breakdown matter much more slowly than in the forest.
13. So you can see; food webs and the ecosystems that support them look different in different parts in the world depending on the habitat conditions.
14. The food that is available to them has enough fat and protein to keep his energy up.
15. A polar bear is not built to survive in the desert or forest.

21. Chapter 5 Notes

22. Chapter 5 Life Depends on the Sun
Section 1 Energy Flow in Ecosystems
Chapter 5
Life Depends on the Sun
Energy from the sun enters an ecosystem when plants use sunlight to make sugar molecules.
This happens through a process called photosynthesis.

23. Chapter 5 Life Depends on the Sun
Section 1 Energy Flow in Ecosystems
Chapter 5
Life Depends on the Sun
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce carbohydrates and oxygen.

24. Photosynthesis Video
1. When traced back to its source, the energy used by all living things is the __________.
2. Biologists call them autotrophs or __________ feeders.
3. Organisms that _______________ photosynthesize are called heterotrophs.
4. The harvesting of light from the sun through photosynthesis is a complicated
chemical process with many stages; but essentially what occurs that light provides
the _______________ to convert water and carbon dioxide from the air into
_____________ and oxygen.
5. Glucose is a ___________________ plants use as a source of energy.
6. Where does photosynthesis occur? In the __________________ of plants.
7. Where is the oxygen released into? The _________________________.
8. This glucose is the final product of _________________________________.
9. When herbivores eat plants, they consume the ______ stored in the cells of the plants.
10. Even carnivores that never eat plants use photosynthesis ______________________
when the eat animals that have eaten plants.
11. Are all animals dependent on photosynthesis for their energy? YES or NO

25. Photosynthesis

26. Photosynthesis Video
1. When traced back to its source, the energy used by all living things is the sun.
2. Biologists call them autotrophs or self feeders.
3. Organisms that cannot photosynthesize are called heterotrophs.
4. The harvesting of light from the sun through photosynthesis is a complicated
chemical process with many stages; but essentially what occurs that light provides the energy to convert water and carbon dioxide from the air into glucose and oxygen.
5. Glucose is a sugar plants use as a source of energy.
6. Where does photosynthesis occur? In the leaves of plants.
7. Where is the oxygen released into? The atmosphere.
8. This glucose is the final product of photosynthesis.
9. When herbivores eat plants, they consume the glucose stored in the cells of the plants.
10. Even carnivores that never eat plants use photosynthesis indirectly when the eat animals that have eaten plants.
11. Are all animals dependent on photosynthesis for their energy? YES NO

27. From Producers to Consumers
Section 1 Energy Flow in Ecosystems
Chapter 5
From Producers to Consumers
Because plants make their own food, they are called producers.
A producer is an organism that can make organic molecules from inorganic molecules.
Producers are also called autotrophs, or self-feeders.

28. From Producers to Consumers
Section 1 Energy Flow in Ecosystems
Chapter 5
From Producers to Consumers
Organisms that get their energy by eating other organisms are called consumers.
A consumer is an organism that eats other organisms or organic matter instead of producing its own nutrients or obtaining nutrients from inorganic sources.
Consumers are also called heterotrophs, or other-feeders.

29. From Producers to Consumers
Section 1 Energy Flow in Ecosystems
Chapter 5
From Producers to Consumers
Some producers get their energy directly from the sun by absorbing it through their leaves.
Consumers get their energy indirectly by eating producers or other consumers.

30. Producers & Consumers

31. An Exception to the Rule
Section 1 Energy Flow in Ecosystems
Chapter 5
An Exception to the Rule
Deep-ocean communities of worms, clams, crabs, mussels, and barnacles, exist in total darkness on the ocean floor, where photosynthesis cannot occur.
The producers in this environment are bacteria that use hydrogen sulfide present in the water.
Other underwater organisms eat the bacteria or the organisms that eat the bacteria.

32. Section 1 Energy Flow in Ecosystems
Chapter 5
What Eats What?
Organisms can be classified by what they eat.
Types of Consumers:
Herbivores
Carnivores
Omnivores
Decomposers

33. Chapter 5 Burning the Fuel
Section 1 Energy Flow in Ecosystems
Chapter 5
Burning the Fuel
An organism obtains energy from the food it eats.
This food must be broken down within its body.
The process of breaking down food to yield energy is called cellular respiration.

34. Chapter 5 Burning the Fuel
Section 1 Energy Flow in Ecosystems
Chapter 5
Burning the Fuel
Cellular Respiration is the process by which cells produce energy from carbohydrates; atmospheric oxygen combines with glucose to form water and carbon dioxide.
Cellular respiration occurs inside the cells of most organisms.

35. Chapter 5 Burning the Fuel
Section 1 Energy Flow in Ecosystems
Chapter 5
Burning the Fuel
During cellular respiration, cells absorb oxygen and use it to release energy from food.
Through cellular respiration, cells use glucose (sugar) and oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy.

36. Chapter 5 Burning the Fuel
Section 1 Energy Flow in Ecosystems
Chapter 5
Burning the Fuel
Part of the energy obtained through cellular respiration is used to carry out daily activities.
Excess energy is stored as fat or sugar.

37. Chapter 5 Energy Transfer
Section 1 Energy Flow in Ecosystems
Chapter 5
Energy Transfer
Each time an organism eats another organism, an energy transfer occurs.
This transfer of energy can be traced by studying food chains, food webs, and trophic levels.

38. Energy Pyramid

39. Section 1 Energy Flow in Ecosystems
Chapter 5
Food Chains
A food chain is a sequence in which energy is transferred from one organism to the next as each organism eats another organism.

40. Food Chain

41. Section 1 Energy Flow in Ecosystems
Chapter 5
Food Chains

42. Section 1 Energy Flow in Ecosystems
Chapter 5
Food Webs
Ecosystems, however, almost always contain more than one food chain.
A food web shows many feeding relationships that are possible in an ecosystem.

43. Section 1 Energy Flow in Ecosystems
Chapter 5
Food Webs

44. Chapter 5 Trophic Levels
Section 1 Energy Flow in Ecosystems
Chapter 5
Trophic Levels
Each step in the transfer of energy through a food chain or food web is known as a trophic level.
A trophic level is one of the steps in a food chain or food pyramid; examples include producers and primary, secondary, and tertiary consumers.

45. Chapter 5 Trophic Levels
Section 1 Energy Flow in Ecosystems
Chapter 5
Trophic Levels
Each time energy is transferred, some of the energy is lost as heat.
Therefore, less energy is available to organisms at higher trophic levels.
One way to visualize this is with an energy pyramid.

46. Section 1 Energy Flow in Ecosystems
Chapter 5
Trophic Levels

47. Chapter 5 Trophic Levels
Section 1 Energy Flow in Ecosystems
Chapter 5
Trophic Levels
Each layer of the pyramid represents one trophic level.
Producers form the base of the energy pyramid, and therefore contain the most energy.
The pyramid becomes smaller toward the top, where less energy is available.

48. Trophic Levels

49. Energy Loss Affects Ecosystems
Section 1 Energy Flow in Ecosystems
Chapter 5
Energy Loss Affects Ecosystems
Decreasing amounts of energy at each trophic level affects the organization of an ecosystem.
Energy loss affects the number of organisms at each level.
Energy loss limits the number of trophic levels in an ecosystem.

50. Video Links
Biotic and Abiotic -
Population, Community, and Ecosystem –
Habitat Video –