1. Sleep disorders
Domina Petric, MD

2. Insomnia Impairments that are associated with the inability to either:
fall asleep
stay asleep
experience the normal restoration of energy and vigor during sleep

3. Insomnia Affects about 15% of general population.
Ingesting too much caffeine is one of the most common causes of insomnia.
Caffeine blocks adenosine receptors and adenosine is necessary for moving towards sleep.

4. Benzodiazepines
Benzodiazepines facilitate currents that are going through GABA A receptors.
Benzodiazepines extend stage IV of non-REM sleep.

5. Circadian rhythm disorder
Shift work (night work) can cause problems with circadian rhythm.
For example, patient can not sleep at night.

6. Sleep apnea Cessation of breathing during the sleep.
Mechanical air obstruction: for example, in obese people.
Patient with sleep apnea usually awakens many times during the sleep.

7. Sleep apnea
Positive pressure airway system is one option of treatment for sleep apnea.

8. Narcolepsy It is also called REM sleep attack.
Elements of REM sleep intrude into the patient´s conscious state.

9. Cataplexy
It is partial or sometimes complete paralysis of large skeletal muscles like paralysis that normally occurs in REM sleep.
Attacks can be induced with intensive emotion.

10. Narcolepsy/cataplexy
Mutations of genes that produce OREXIN or mutations for the orexin receptors.
Orexin hypocretin system is affected.

11. Restless legs syndrome
Patient feels that moving legs is necessary because of tingling sensations in legs or so.
It is associated with deficiency of IRON within the dopamine neurons in SUBSTANTIA NIGRA PARS COMPACTA.

12. Literature
Leonard E. White, PhD, Duke University