1. What was the purpose of NATO and the Warsaw Pact?
Essential Question
What was the purpose of NATO and the Warsaw Pact?

2. What is a superpower?
When World War II ended, the United States and the Soviet Union became the world’s superpowers
No other country could match their military strength
However, their political ideas were very different

3. How were they different?
United States
Constitutional government
Power is in the hands of the people
Soviet Union
Totalitarian government
Power in the hands of the Communist Party

4. Weren’t they allies in the war?
The US and the Soviet Union worked together in World War II to defeat Germany and its allies…
They disagreed about what should happen to the world after the war was over
United States Wanted to see the spread of democracy
Soviet Union Wanted to see the spread of communism

5. Gaining support of weaker nations through economic and military aid
Did they fight each other?
This war of ideas became known as the COLD WAR
Both nations tried to spread their ideas and influence in the world by using any method other than war
Building up larger supplies of weapons
They competed in other ways, such as
Gaining support of weaker nations through economic and military aid

6. World War I and World War II are both examples of “hot wars”
What is a “cold war”?
cold war – (noun) no direct military action
hot war – (noun) direct military action
World War I and World War II are both examples of “hot wars”
Since the US and the Soviet Union never fought directly, the time from has become known as the Cold War

7. How are their ideas different?
United States
Soviet Union
Protects individual rights
Establishes rights, but they are not enforced
Free elections
Government controlled elections
Representative national, state, and local governments
Party in control of national, state, and local governments
Police under civilian control
Police under party control, also a secret police unit to control dissenters
Free press
Communist controlled press
Military under control of the representative government
Military under control of the Communist Party
Private property ownership
Party run business, limited private ownership

8. What was the purpose of NATO and the Warsaw Pact?
Essential Question
What was the purpose of NATO and the Warsaw Pact?

9. Did other countries have an opinion?
The split between democracy and communism led to new military alliances
In April 1949 – NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) created Members of NATO supported democratic governments
In May 1955 – Warsaw Pact is created Members of the Warsaw Pact had communist governments

10. Many nations have continued to join the NATO alliance over time
Who were the members of NATO?
Founding member nations included:
Belgium
Canada
Denmark
France
Iceland
Italy
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Norway
Portugal
Great Britain
United States
Many nations have continued to join the NATO alliance over time
The NATO alliance still exists to this day to provide defense to its nations from any outside attack – not just communism!

11. Who were the member of the Warsaw Pact?
Soviet Union
Poland
East Germany
Czechoslovakia
Bulgaria
Hungary
Romania
Albania
The Warsaw Pact ended with the Cold War in 1991
Several nations are now members of NATO!

12. NATO
Warsaw Pact
Gov’t
Type
Major Nation
Location of Members

13. Why did the US want to rebuild Germany?
Essential Question
Why did the US want to rebuild Germany?

14. A country controlled by a more powerful nation
Why was communism a problem?
Stalin refused to pull his troops out of Eastern European nations
He turned these nations into SATELLITE NATIONS
A country controlled by a more powerful nation
Stalin feared the rise of anti-communist governments near the Soviet Union

15. How did the US feel about this?
The United States believed that communism needed to be contained, or held back
I promise to stop the spread of communism worldwide
CONTAINMENT became President Truman’s policy
His promise became known as the TRUMAN DOCTRINE

16. What is the Marshall Plan?
June 1947 – Secretary of State George Marshall suggests sending money to Western European countries
13 billion dollars was sent to the region – this policy of rebuilding Europe became known as the MARSHALL PLAN
Marshall believed that poverty would help to stop the spread of communism and aid would help war-torn nations recover economically

17. What about Germany?
After World War II, Germany was divided into four occupation zones
The capital city of Berlin was also divided into four occupation zones

18. What was the goal?
President Truman wanted to reunite Germany and set up democracy…
Stalin was very much against a strong Germany…
A strong Germany might once again attack the Soviet Union
Germany had attacked the Soviet Union in World War I and II
Stalin refused to remove his troops from East Germany

19. What about West Germany?
June 1948 – US, Britain, and France combined their zones in West Germany and West Berlin
They pledged to create a democracy in West Germany
However, the city of Berlin was in the Soviet zone…. this created a problem…

20. President Truman refused to back down
What did the Soviets do?
Soviets closed all routes into Berlin…
No supplies were able to be sent to the German people who needed them…
West Berlin
Stalin hoped that by starving the German people, the Americans, British, and French would give up their plan
President Truman refused to back down

21. What did Truman do? Truman organized the BERLIN AIRLIFT
For a year, cargo plans filled with supplies kept the people of West Berlin alive… …in the end, the Soviets gave up the blockade…

22. Was Germany reunited? Germany remained divided West Germany Democratic
East Germany Communist
Stalin died in 1953, NIKITA KHRUSHCHEV became the new leader of the Soviet Union

23. Guards shot anyone trying to escape the Eastern part of the city
What type of leader was Khrushchev?
1961 – Khrushchev ordered a wall built in Berlin to separate Communist East Berlin from the rest of the city
Guards shot anyone trying to escape the Eastern part of the city
The BERLIN WALL stood for nearly 30 years – it was the most recognizable symbol of the Cold War

24. POTENTIAL POSITIVE EFFECTS
REBUILDING EUROPE

25. How was the space race related to the Cold War?
Essential Question
How was the space race related to the Cold War?

26. Americans are both surprised and frightened
When did the space race start?
October 4, 1957 – Soviet scientists launched the world’s first space satellite - SPUTNIK
Americans are both surprised and frightened
The Soviet Union, a nation which had nuclear weapons, now had a satellite orbiting space

27. Soviet YURI GAGARIN became the first human to travel into space
What else did the Soviets do?
April 12, 1961 – Soviet Union launches the first spacecraft into orbit - VOSTOK
Soviet YURI GAGARIN became the first human to travel into space
The Soviet Union had successfully launched the first satellite and spacecraft

28. Why did this create the space race?
The world’s two superpowers – the United States and the Soviet Union were now in competition with each other to conquer outer space
“I believe that this nation should land a man on the moon and return him safely to the earth.”
President JOHN F. KENNEDY promised that the United States would have a man on the moon before the 1960s were over

29. “That’s one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind”
How did the US respond?
July 20, 1969 – Americans Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin walk on the moon – APOLLO 11, “The Eagle”
“That’s one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind”

30. The race for space had its roots in military uses
Why worry about outer space?
The race for space had its roots in military uses
Before Sputnik was even launched, both the US and the Soviet Union had plans for reconnaissance satellites (spy satellites)

31. What were the costs of the space race?
Not only did the space race fuel hostilities between the US and the Soviet Union…
The rush to increase technology led to many deaths….
Jan. 27, 1967 – Three US astronauts of Apollo 1 die in a fire during a ground test

32. What were the costs of the space race?
June 30, 1971 – Three Soviet cosmonauts die of asphyxiation during the re-entry of Soyuz 11

33. What were the costs of the space race?
March 27, 1968 – Soviet Yuri Gagarin, the first man in space, dies while testing a MiG-15 fighter jet
“Communism opened a way to the stars”

34. What were the effects of the space race?
Technology advanced greatly during this period
The space race also changed the way students learned (greater emphasis on mathematics and physical science)
Today, thousands of satellites are orbiting Earth relaying communications data across the planet

35. How did communism rise in China?
Essential Question
How did communism rise in China?

36. When did China go Communist?
1949 – The People’s Republic of China is formed
China had been involved in a CIVIL WAR for nearly 20 years
Chinese Nationalists
Chinese Communists vs
led by Chiang Kai-Shek
led by Mao Zedong

37. Who won the civil war?
During the 1930s, the Nationalists and the Communists worked together to battle the Japanese…
…but when World War II ended, the struggle between the Nationalists and the Communists resumed
In 1949, the Nationalists fled to the island of Taiwan and Mao Zedong declared victory for the Communists

38. The United States refused to recognize the People’s Republic of China
What was Mao’s plan for China?
Mao wanted China to:
Modernize as soon as possible
Become a nation without social classes
To help China reach these goals, Mao took total control
The United States refused to recognize the People’s Republic of China

39. How did Mao run China?
GREAT LEAP FORWARD Mao’s 5 year economic plan – combining farms into huge communes where up to 30,000 people live and work together
CULTURAL REVOLUTION Mao’s effort to rid China of Communist opposition
RED GUARD Mao’s revolutionary group assigned to destroy people that were still practicing old ideas, culture, customs, or habits

40. China is still a Communist nation
Is China still Communist?
China is still a Communist nation
1972 – US President RICHARD NIXON visited China
1976 – Mao dies at age 82, DENG XIAOPING becomes the new leader

41. What was China like after Mao?
1979 – The US and China establish diplomatic relations
1989 – Troops fire upon pro-democracy Chinese students in TIANANMEN SQUARE in Beijing

42. Essential Question
How were the Korean War and Vietnam War both linked to the policy of containment?

43. What was Korea like after WWII?
After World War II, Korea had been left a divided nation
The Soviet Union controlled the northern part of the country
Korea was divided at the 38th parallel
The United States controlled the southern part of the country

44. How was Korea rebuilt?
The Soviet Union set up a communist government in NORTH KOREA
The United States set up a democratic government in SOUTH KOREA

45. How did the Korean War start?
1950 – North Korea invades South Korea
US President Harry Truman convinces the UNITED NATIONS to send troops (Americans made up most of the troops)

46. How did outside nations respond?
Soviet leader JOSEPH STALIN had supported North Korea’s invasion
American General DOUGLAS MACARTHUR led the UN troops into battle and was able to push the North Korean army back across the 38th parallel
China’s leader MAO ZEDONG saw the UN troops as a threat and sent Chinese troops to push the UN back to South Korea

47. What was MacArthur’s plan?
Gen. MacArthur wanted to use atomic bombs on Chinese military bases…
…but President Truman refused
When MacArthur objected and tried to go around Truman – MacArthur was fired!
Truman did not want to start World War III by dropping bombs on Korea or China

48. Who won the Korean War? Three years of fighting = no clear victory
1953 – An armistice was signed – the fighting was over

49. What were the results of the war?
2.5 million people lost their lives
The boundary between the two Koreas was unchanged
No peace treaty was ever signed

50. What is Korea like today?
North Korea = Communist
South Korea = Democratic
Many see North Korea as a trouble spot to this day for several reasons
It has a totalitarian government (dictatorship)
It has ties with terrorists
It has the knowledge to build nuclear weapons

51. Like Korea, Vietnam was a divided country
What was Vietnam like after WWII?
Like Korea, Vietnam was a divided country
When the Japanese left HO CHI MINH declared Vietnam independent
However, INDOCHINA had once been a French colony and they wanted to regain control

52. What is Indochina? China is to the north
Indochina is made up of the following countries:
Cambodia
Laos
Vietnam
Indonesia is to the south

53. How did war break out?
1946 – the French return to reclaim their colony
Ho Chi Minh led a a group known as the VIETMINH to drive the French out of Vietnam

54. How did the US get involved?
The United States feared that Ho Chi Minh was a Communist…
…if he was successful, he could spread communism all over Asia
If Vietnam falls to the Communists, then other countries will fall too… like a row of dominoes!
President DWIGHT EISENHOWER coined the term DOMINO THEORY in an April 7, 1954 news conference

55. Vietnam divided at the 17th parallel
What did the US do in Vietnam?
The United States tried to help the French reclaim Vietnam
1954 – The French decide to make peace with the Vietminh
GENEVA ACCORDS
Vietnam divided at the 17th parallel
North Vietnam = Communist (led by Ho Chi Minh)
South Vietnam = Democratic (led by a US backed government)

56. Was the war over?
The Geneva Accords also required elections to be held in North and South Vietnam
Fearing a Communist takeover, South Vietnam (backed by the US) refused to participate
The conflict in Vietnam continued…

57. What happened as the war continued?
The United States sent money, weapons, and aid to South Vietnam
The Soviet Union and China poured weapons into North Vietnam
By the 1960s, American troops began arriving in Vietnam
1969 – 500,000 American soldiers in Vietnam

58. US involvement in Vietnam divided the American people
How did people in the US feel about the war?
US involvement in Vietnam divided the American people
1973 – President RICHARD NIXON reaches a settlement to withdraw American forces from Vietnam
Sadly, by this time, more than 58,000 Americans had lost their lives in the war Their names can be found on the VIETNAM MEMORIAL in Washington, DC

59. What was the result of the Vietnam War?
1975 – North Vietnam invades South Vietnam…
…South Vietnam falls
North Vietnamese leaders reunite the country into one Vietnam – a Communist Vietnam
It would take 20 years for the US and Vietnam to renew their relations…
…the two nations reopened to talks and trade in 1995

60. Essential Question
How were the Korean War and Vietnam War both linked to the policy of containment?

61. Vietnam War
Korean War

62. Why was the Cuban Missile Crisis a serious threat to the world?
Essential Question
Why was the Cuban Missile Crisis a serious threat to the world?

63. It is only 90 miles off the coast of Florida
Where is Cuba?
Cuba is an island nation in the Caribbean Sea
It is only 90 miles off the coast of Florida

64. Who led Cuba?
In 1959, FIDEL CASTRO overthrows the previous dictatorship
As the leader of Cuba, Castro:
Promised free elections and reforms
Did not follow through with his promises
Declared Cuba a Communist nation
Accept military aid from the Soviet Union

65. 1962 – US spy planes spot proof of long range missiles in Cuba
What was the crisis in Cuba?
1962 – US spy planes spot proof of long range missiles in Cuba
President Kennedy announced to the American people that the US had photographs of Soviet missiles in Cuba

66. What did Kennedy do about it?
President Kennedy took swift action…
He ordered the navy to blockade (close off) Cuba
He prevented the Soviets from delivering more missiles
He promised the Soviets that he would fire back
This situation of hostility became known as the CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS

67. …the world held its breath…
How did it turn into a serious crisis?
The two superpowers (the US and the Soviet Union) grew very close to a nuclear attack…
…the world held its breath…

68. The United States and the Soviet Union decided to reach an agreement
How was the crisis resolved?
Soviet leader Nakita Khrushchev ordered Soviet ships carrying missiles to continue on to Cuba
But, after hearing President Kennedy’s threat to return fire…. The ships turned around
The United States and the Soviet Union decided to reach an agreement

69. A nuclear war was avoided
What was the result?
The Soviet Union eventually removed all their missiles from Cuba
A nuclear war was avoided
The event contributed to Khrushchev’s fall from power in 1964

70. Why was the Cuban Missile Crisis a serious threat to the world?
Essential Question
Why was the Cuban Missile Crisis a serious threat to the world?

71. Soviet missiles placed in Cuba

72. Knowledge Connections
Vocabulary 
dissident
detente
Term
Definition
Knowledge Connections
Picture

73. What was life like behind the “Iron Curtain”?
Essential Question
What was life like behind the “Iron Curtain”?

74. What is the “Iron Curtain”?
In the 1950s, an invisible political line divided Europe
Western Europe Democratic nations
Eastern Europe Communist nations
That invisible line between the two was the IRON CURTAIN

75. “An iron curtain has descended across Europe”
Why was it called the “Iron Curtain”?
The term came from a 1946 speech of Great Britain’s Prime Minister WINSTON CHURCHILL
“An iron curtain has descended across Europe”

76. Where did these communist nation come from?
Many satellite nations were following the examples of the Soviet Union by:
Creating Five Year Plans
Focusing on industrialization
Ending private farms
Practicing collectivization
Using secret police forces
Eliminating non-Communist parties

77. Was communism successful?
By the 1970s and 1980s, nations behind the “Iron Curtain” were:
Struggling economically
and
Enduring harshly run governments

78. Khrushchev had lost support after the Cuban Missile Crisis
How long did communism last?
Before the 1980s, no one would have guessed that the Soviet Union would end by the end of the 20th century
Khrushchev had lost support after the Cuban Missile Crisis
But the Soviet Union got a new leader - LEONID BREZHNEV

79. What type of leader was Brezhnev?
Continued many of Stalin’s tough policies
but
Began the policy of DÉTENTE
Easing tensions between opposing nations

80. Afghanistan had been taking steps toward democracy
Did this end the Cold War?
DÉTENTE only lasted seven years…
…it ended when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979
Afghanistan had been taking steps toward democracy

81. How did the US respond? President JIMMY CARTER (1977-1981)
Charged the Soviets with warlike acts
Stopped grain shipments to the Soviet Union
Refused to allow the US to participate in the 1980 Olympics in Moscow

82. How were US-Soviet relations in the 1980s?
President RONALD REAGAN ( )
Called the Soviet Union an “evil empire”
Created a system to destroy incoming missiles
Sent aid to Afghanistan to fight against the Soviets

83. What was life like behind the “Iron Curtain”?
Essential Question
What was life like behind the “Iron Curtain”?

84. BEHIND THE “IRON CURTAIN”

85. Knowledge Connections
Vocabulary 
Perestroika
Glasnost
Term
Definition
Knowledge Connections
Picture

86. What changes did Gorbachev bring to the Soviet Union?
Essential Question
What changes did Gorbachev bring to the Soviet Union?

87. What problems were the Soviets facing?
By the 1980s, some Soviet leaders began to think about changing the Soviet Union
The nation was suffering from many problems that communism could not fix:
A weakening economy
Shortages of consumer goods
Poor working conditions
A slow and corrupt government

88. He was the last leader of the Soviet Union
Who led this time of change?
One of those reformers became the leader of the Soviet Union in 1985…
MIKHAIL GORBACHEV ( )
He was the last leader of the Soviet Union

89. How did Gorbachev help their problems?
Gorbachev believed that the Soviet Union could not afford to continue the arms race with the United States
He agreed to talk with US President Reagan
1987 – INF TREATY created
Called for the destruction of nuclear weapons

90. …Gorbachev could put more money into his new programs…
What did this lead to?
With military spending reduced…
…Gorbachev could put more money into his new programs…

91. What was perestroika? Began in 1986 PERESTROIKA
Restructuring the economy
Restructuring the government
By 1990, non-Communist parties were allowed to organize

92. “Gorbachev has made the Soviet Union safe for dissent”
What was glasnost?
In the past, people who criticized the government were:
Punished
Kicked out of the country
Sent to forced labor camps
GLASNOST
“Gorbachev has made the Soviet Union safe for dissent”
A policy of openness – citizens could say or write what they thought without facing punishment

93. What was demokratizatsiya?
Began in 1987
DEMOKRATIZATSIYA
Moving toward democracy – more than one Communist candidate could run for office
People who wanted to bring changes to the Soviet Union could now have more of a say in the government

94. What changes did Gorbachev bring to the Soviet Union?
Essential Question
What changes did Gorbachev bring to the Soviet Union?

95. Perestroika
Glasnost
Gorbachev’s Changes
demokratizatsiya
Other

96. Knowledge Connections
Vocabulary 
Coup
Market Economy
Term
Definition
Knowledge Connections
Picture

97. How did revolutions affect Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union?
Essential Question
How did revolutions affect Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union?

98. Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev said he would not interfere
Why did changes occur in Eastern Europe?
The changes in the Soviet Union caused Eastern European nations to seek changes in their countries
Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev said he would not interfere

99. People opposed to communism were elected to lead these countries
How did Eastern Europe change?
Peaceful revolutions occurred in:
Poland
Hungary
Czechoslovakia
Romania
Bulgaria
People opposed to communism were elected to lead these countries

100. What about Germany? Revolution eventually spread to Germany…
Nov. 9, 1989 – The gates of the Berlin Wall are opened
The Berlin Wall was torn down in hatred
Within a year, Germany was ONE democratic nation

101. All 15 Soviet republics declared their independence
What about the Soviet Union?
Communists in the Soviet Union feared a revolution in their country…
… they formed a coup and attempted to takeover the government…
Russia
The coup failed!
All 15 Soviet republics declared their independence

102. What happened to the Soviet Union?
The President of Russia outlawed communism
Mikhail Gorbachev announced the end of the Soviet Union
The Cold War was over!!!

103. Dmitry Medvedev (2008-present)
What Russia like after the Cold War?
Since the end of the Cold War, there have only been three leaders of Russia
Dmitry Medvedev (2008-present)
Boris Yeltsin ( )
Vladimir Putin ( )

104. What changes were brought to Russia?
Created a market economy (similar to the United States)
Fought against Chechnya (a province that wanted its independence)
Allowed the purchase and sale of land (an attempt to boost economic growth)
Attempted to join the World Trade Organization (is still in the process of joining)

105. How did revolutions affect Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union?
Essential Question
How did revolutions affect Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union?

106. The end of communism in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe