1. Protists
The first Eukaryotes

2. Origin of Eukaryotic Cells
Endomembrane system- developed from infolding of plasma membrane.
Evolutionary advantage?
compartmentalization, microenvironments, increased membrane surface area

3. Endosymbiotic Theory Inside together living.
Plastids and mitochondria are a result of the endocytosis of bacteria by larger cells of the lineage that become eukaryotes.
All eukaryotes got mitochondria only some got chloroplasts.

5. Endosymbiotic Theory Evidence
1) C & M have their own DNA
( circular, no histones)
2) C & M have their own ribosomes
(small like bacteria)
3) C & M have 2 membranes
(outer like eukaryote, inner like bacteria)
(homologous transport proteins)
4) C & M replicate on their own
5) Endosymbiosis observed where prey or parasites become mutualistic symbionts

6. Endosymbiotic Algae

7. Importance of Protists
Large component of photosynthetic plankton
Diatoms, dinoflagellates,
Many are Endosymbionts
Cause human disease:
Giardia (hikers diarrhea), Trichomonas (STD), Trypanosoma (sleeping sickness), plasmodium (malaria),
Secondary endosymbiosis of red or green algae create chloroplasts with 4 membrane layers

9. Protists = Eukaryotes that are not Plant, Animal or Fungus
1) Most are unicellular
2) None have true tissues
(so not plant, animal or fungi)
4) Some animal-like(ingest food), some plant-like(photosynthetic ) some Fungus-like (absorptive)
5) Paraphyletic group so not a kingdom
(share a common ancestor but does not include all the descendants of that ancestor)

10. Amoeba Structures to know
A) nucleus
B) contractile vacuole
removes water
C) food vacuole
D) pseudopod B C A D

11. Euglena A) flagella B) reservoir C) contractile vacuole
D) pellicle : (contractile memb.)
E) eye spot A B E C D

12. A) contractile vacuole B) food vacuole C) macronucleus D) micronucleus
E) pellicle F) cilia
G) oral groove H) gullet G H

13. Amoebozoans
Move by flowing cytoplasm into projections of cell membrane called pseudopods
false feet
Example: Amoeba
Branch that lead to
Metazoa & fungi
(animals)

14. Most primitive Clade Parabasalids & Diplomonads T.vaginalis Giardia
STD hiker’s diarrhea
Anaerobic or low O2, mitochondria primitive/lacking
Form cysts to survive hostile environments

16. Cilliates Have trichocysts and cilia
Earliest example of ‘true’ sexual reproduction
= conjugation
Example : Paramecium

17. Dinoflagellates Phytoplankton with flagella
Chloroplasts resemble green or red algae
Secondary endosymbiosis

18. Dinoflagellates Some bioluminsecent Some endosymbionts in Cnidarians
Dinoflagellate blooms:
Caused by high N +P level
May result in Red tide
May result in Eutrophication

19. Apicomplexans apical complex of microtubules
All are Parasites use microtubules to pierce host
Don’t move on their own
Are carried by a vector
Plasmodium sp. cause Malaria
live inside human Red Blood Cells

20. Diatoms Yellow/brown Algae 2-part silica shells
Important in phytoplankton food chain
Important oxygen producer
Diatomaceous earth

21. Diatoms = Carbon sink
Diatoms are able to use Bicarbonate as a carbon source.
Diatoms sinking to ocean floor act as a sink for carbon.

22. Brown Algae
Brown pigments absorb wavelengths of light that reach deeper into the water.
Largest multicellular algae
Sargassum kelp 

23. Sargasso Sea

24. Algae parts…

25. Oomycotes (egg fungi) Saprobe Stramenopiles (absorb food)
parasites & decomposers
Lost chloroplasts
Rusts water molds

26. Chlorophyta Green algae (chlorophyll) Most similar to plants
Unicellular …Desmids
Multicellular…filamentous algae & volvox
Complex life cycles

27. Red Algae
Red pigments absorb wavelengths of light even deeper in the water. (green & blue) phycobilins
Used to make thickeners & agar
Multicellular
Complex life cycles

28. amoebozoans Complex life cycles Closest to Animals and Fungi
All have pseudopods
Free-living Amoeba, slime molds, & parasites
Free-living & Slime molds important
decomposers

29. Plasmodial Slime mold

30. Cellular Slime Molds - cAMP