1. Ch16. Waves and Sound

2. Sound Intensity
The amount of energy transported per second by a sound wave is called the power of the wave and is measured in SI units of joules per second (J/s) or watts (W).

3. The sound intensity I is defined as the sound power P that passes perpendicularly through a surface divided by the area A of that surface:
Unit of sound intensity is power per unit area, or W/m2

4. Example 6. Sound Intensities
12 × 10–5 W of sound power passes perpendicularly through the surfaces labeled 1 and 2. These surfaces have areas of A1 = 4.0 m2 and A2 = 12 m2. Determine the sound intensity at each surface and discuss why listener 2 hears a quieter sound than listener 1.

5. The sound source at the center of the sphere emits sound uniformly in all directions.

6. Example 7.  Fireworks
A rocket explodes high in the air. Assume that the sound spreads out uniformly in all directions and that reflections from the ground can be ignored. When the sound reaches listener 2, who is r2 = 640 m away from the explosion, the sound has an intensity of I2 = 0.10 W/m2. What is the sound intensity detected by listener 1, who is r1 = 160 m away from the explosion?

7. I1 = (16)I2 = (16)(0.10 W/m2) =

8. Conceptual Example 8. Reflected Sound and Sound Intensity
Suppose the person singing in the shower produces a sound power P. Sound reflects from the surrounding shower stall. At a distance r in front of the person, does Equation 16.9, I = P/(4 r2), underestimate, overestimate, or give the correct sound intensity?
The relation underestimates the sound intensity from the singing because it does not take into account the reflected sound.

9. Decibels
Decibel (dB) is a measurement unit used when comparing two sound intensities.
Intensity level
If I = I0

10. Intensity levels can be measured with a sound level meter.
Intensity I (W/m2) 
 Intensity Level (dB) 
 Threshold of hearing 
 1.0 × 10  –  12 
   0 
 Rustling leaves 
 1.0 × 10  –  11 
  10 
 Whisper 
 1.0 × 10  –  10 
  20 
 Normal conversation (1 meter) 
 1.0 × 10  –  6 
  65 
 Inside car in city traffic 
 1.0 × 10  –  4 
  80 
 Car without muffler 
 1.0 × 10  –  2 
 100 
 Live rock concert 
 1.0 
 120 
 Threshold of pain 
 10 
 130 

11. Greater intensities give rise to louder sounds
Greater intensities give rise to louder sounds. However, the relation between intensity and loudness is not a simple proportionality, because doubling the intensity does not double the loudness.
Hearing tests have revealed that a one-decibel (1-dB) change in the intensity level corresponds to approximately the smallest change in loudness that an average listener with normal hearing can detect.

12. Example 9. Comparing Sound Intensities
Audio system 1 produces an intensity level of 1 = 90.0 dB, and system 2 produces an intensity level of 2 = 93.0 dB. The corresponding intensities (in W/m2) are I1 and I2. Determine the ratio I2/I1.

13. Solution Using the result just obtained, we find
Doubling the intensity changes the loudness by only 3 decibels ( not doubled)

14. Experiment shows that if the intensity level increases by 10 dB, the new sound seems approximately twice as loud as the original sound.

15. The Doppler Effect

16. Moving Source
(a) When the truck is stationary, the wavelength of the sound is the same in front of and behind the truck. (b) When the truck is moving, the wavelength in front of the truck becomes smaller, while the wavelength behind the truck becomes larger.

17. When the fire truck is stationary, the distance between successive condensations is one wavelength .
When the truck moves with a speed vs , the wavelength of the sound in front of the truck is shortened to .

19. Example 10. The Sound of a Passing Train
A high-speed train is traveling at a speed of 44.7 m/s (100 mi/h) when the engineer sounds the 415-Hz warning horn. The speed of sound is 343 m/s. What are the frequency and wavelength of the sound, as perceived by a person standing at a crossing, when the train is (a) approaching and (b) leaving the crossing?
(a)

20. (b)

21. Moving Observer

22. General Case

23. Check Your Understanding 4
When a truck is stationary, its horn produces a frequency of 500 Hz. You are driving your car, and this truck is following behind. You hear its horn at a frequency of 520 Hz.
Who is driving faster, you or the truck driver, or are you and the truck driver driving at the same speed?
Refer to Equation and decide which algebraic sign is to be used in the numerator and which in the denominator.
(a) The truck driver is driving faster.
(b) Minus sign in both places.

24. Concepts & Calculations Example 12
Concepts & Calculations Example 12.  The Doppler Effect for a Moving Observer
A siren, mounted on a tower, emits a sound whose frequency is 2140 Hz. A person is driving a car away from the tower at a speed of 27.0 m/s. The sound reaches the person by two paths: the sound reflected from a building in front of the car, and the sound coming directly from the siren. The speed of sound is 343 m/s. What frequency does the person hear for the (a) reflected and (b) direct sounds?

25. (a)
(b)