1. States of Consciousness
Module 8
States of Consciousness

2. Psychoactive Drugs mind altering chemicals
they change how you perceive and feel
psychological effects depend on dosage, form taken, expectations, personality of user & situation

3. Drug Tolerance Tolerance
After repeated
exposure, more
drug is needed
to produce
same effect
Drug dose
Drug
effect
Response to
first exposure
Tolerance
Decrease in effect of a drug with repeated use…

4. Drug Dependence Psychological Dependence Physical Dependence Addiction
a psychological need to use a drug
Physical Dependence
discomfort and distress that follow discontinued use of an addictive drug
Addiction
Compulsive drug seeking behavior
Control over drug use is lost

5. Psychoactive Drugs
4 common Classes of Psychoactive Drugs
stimulants
hallucinogens
depressants
opiates

6. Stimulants Stimulants (“uppers”)
drugs that stimulate neural activity, cause accelerated body functions along w/ elevated energy and mood changes, increased alertness, and decreased appetite…
caffeine
nicotine
amphetamines (speed)
cocaine

8. Hallucinogens
psychedelic (mind-altering) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input (illusogens)
LSD
Marijuana
Ecstasy
Bufotenin (toad licking)
Mescaline (peyote)
PCP (angel dust)
Ketamine (Special K)
Ololuiqui (morning glory seeds)

9. Hallucinogens: THC (marijuana)
the major active ingredient in marijuana
mild hallucinogen
amplifies sensitivity to colors, sounds, tastes, smells

10. THC (marijuana)
can be therapeutic
if suffering pain and nausea
severe weight loss
eye pressure
marijuana can relieve symptoms
marijuana legalized for those purposes
in some states
California & Arizona, ’96

12. Drugs that work as analgesics
Opiates
Drugs that work as analgesics
euphorogenics
Morphine
Heroin

13. Depressants
Central Nervous System Depressants-reduce neural activity and slow body functions (alcohol, barbiturates, opiates)

14. Depressants At higher doses, depressants lead to relief from anxiety
disinhibition
general anesthesia
increased
drowsiness
lethargy
amnesia
seizures (inhibits seizures)
hypnotic effects
sedation
hypnosis
coma
death

15. Keep an Eye on that Drink!
Rophies
Roofenol
Ruffies
Roofies R2
Roachies
Rope
Rib
La Roche
Date rape drugs
Rohypnol – Flunitrazepam - ROOFIES; sedative causing muscle relaxation and amnesia
Keep an Eye on that Drink!

18. …Mild to Severe Effects of Stimulants
mild to moderate……
….severe
mood amplification (better mood)……………………….>
irritability, hostility, anxiety, fear, withdrawal
heightened energy………...
extreme energy or exhaustion
Increased wakefulness…………>
total insomnia
motor excitement or restlessness…………………>
compulsive motor stereotypies (weird movements/ticks)
talkativeness……………….>
rambling incoherent speech
increased sexual interest…...>
decreased sexual interest
anger, verbal aggression…..>
possible extreme violence
mild to moderate anorexia…>
total anorexia
increased self-esteem………>
delusion of grandiosity
From Keith Trujillo lecture notes, neuropsychopharmacology course