1. Multi-Messenger Astronomy Workshop
Summary
of the
Multi-Messenger Astronomy
Workshop
Garmt de Vries
Les Houches, 2002
Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

2. Multi-Messenger Astronomy Workshop
Organisers: D. Smith & A. Barrau
2 sessions planned
2 sessions added
Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

3. To dive into the wonderful world of astrophysical catalogues!
Goal of the workshop:
To dive into the wonderful world
of astrophysical catalogues!
Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

4. Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002
We play a little game:
Imagine a 0.1 km2 detector
with 3 years of data
resolution ~ 1o
After subtracting the atmospheric background
there is one bin with 7 events:
RA = 12h 34’ δ = o
What can this be?
Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

5. Possible explanations
Statistical fluctuations
Gamma Ray Burst (GRB)
SuperNova (SN)
Pulsar, SuperNova Remnant (SNR)
Active Galactic Nucleus (AGN)
SuperSymmetry (SUSY)
Microquasar
Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

6. Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002
How to play the game?
Look in catalogues at this place
Look for coincidence with VIRGO, HETE, AUGER, ...
Look at various models
Which model(s) can be excluded?
Which model(s) explain(s) the data best?
We split up into subgroups and investigate the various hypotheses
Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

7. Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002
Let the game begin!
Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

8. Statistical fluctuations
(S. Cartwright et al.)
It is known from previous experience that:
30 bins give a background of 3 events/year
expect ~ 0.3 event/bin in 3 years
Probability of finding 7 events in this bin:
Probability of finding 7 events in at least one
of the 40,000 bins:
 Probably not a statistical fluctuation
Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

9. Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002
GRB
(S. Ferry et al.)
There are 3 GRBs close to RA = 188.5o δ = o
in the BATSE catalogue:
4B RA = 180o δ = o Error box radius:
l = o b = 6.27o 4.93o
GRB RA = o δ = o Error box radius:
l = o b = -2.11o 5.4o
GRB RA = o δ = o Error box radius:
l = o b = 9.69o 1.11o
Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

10. Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002
GRB
(continued)
Possible actions:
Send alert to SN people (GRB  SN?)
Try to get timing information
Look for γ-rays
If both γ and ν observed  GRB not leptonic
If no γ observed  choked GRB?
(look for afterglow!)
 Multi-messenger interplay is certainly possible
Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

11. Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002
AGN
(N. Girard et al.)
There is no quasar near RA = 188.5o δ = o
Other types of AGN have not been looked for
Anyway, hadronic models predict ~ 100 times fewer ν events
 This hypothesis can be excluded
Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

12. Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002
Microquasar
(S. Karkar et al.)
No microquasar was seen near RA = 188.5o δ = o
 This hypothesis can be excluded
Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

13. Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002
SUSY
(S. Cartwright et al.)
One could expect a SUSY signal from:
Galactic centre
Sun
Centre of the earth
None of these are close to RA = 188.5o δ = o
 Perhaps a galactic halo clump?
One would also expect to see ~ 10 GeV γ-rays
 Further investigation needed
Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

14. Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002
Diffuse background
(A. Romeyer et al.)
Yellow area:
4 detection possible
 It seems to be difficult to get a good signal
Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

15. Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002
Conclusions
Our cluster of 7 events is not due to statistical fluctuations
To say more, we need further information:
Time
Energy
Other messengers
Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

16. Neutrino Astronomy with MACRO
This paper describes exactly the game we played
Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

17. Neutrino Astronomy with MACRO
Search for pointlike sources with clustering algorithm:
Look in 1.5o, 3o, 5o around each of the 1100 muon events
60 clusters of  4 events found in 3o cone
RA δ # events
222.5o o 7
188.1o o 6
342.5o o 6
Compatible with atmospheric ν background
Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

18. Neutrino Astronomy with MACRO
Search among known point sources:
Make a list of 42 sources that look interesting
Look in 1.5o, 3o, 5o around each of these sources
Everything is compatible with atmospheric ν background
Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

19. Neutrino Astronomy with MACRO
MACRO observed neutrinos from the direction of
microquasar GX 339 – 4:
“We notice that there are six events from GX 339 – 4 in a 3o search cone with chance probability P = 6  Considering that we have looked at 42 sources, the probability of finding such an excess from at least one of these sources is 8.6%.”
Still, this source was interesting enough for our working group to investigate it
Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

20. Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002
Microquasars
(courtesy F. Mirabel)
Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

21. Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002
GX 339 – 4
Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

22. Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002
GX 339 – 4
Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

23. Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002
GX 339 – 4
Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

24. Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002
Neutrinos from GX 339 – 4
2000
Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

25. Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002
Neutrinos from GX 339 – 4
10/10/95
21/02/97
06/07/98
18/11/99
01/04/01
Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

26. to see 7 neutrinos from GX339 – 4 during and after its active period?
The big question:
How surprising is it
to see 7 neutrinos from GX339 – 4
during and after its active period?
Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

27. Neutrinos from microquasars
Presentation by D. Guetta:
Predictions of neutrino fluxes from microquasars
GX339 – 4 is one of the most powerful neutrino sources among microquasars:
~ 200 upward going muon events per year in 1 km3
However:
This prediction is based on the assumption that GX339 – 4 is persistent. The active state has not been taken into account.
Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

28. Neutrinos from microquasars
There is no a priori connection between soft X-ray activity and neutrino emission
Correlation between dip in ~ 50 keV photons and neutrino emission could be understood:
Source optically thick for these γ  more γ present that can serve as a target for ν production
But the connection is not very clear...
Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

29. Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002
Statistics
What is the probability of seeing these 7 neutrinos from the direction of GX339 – 4 ?
Seeing 7 neutrinos during 7 years
3  10-3
Seeing 3 neutrinos during the 450 days active period
4  10-3
Seeing 3 neutrinos clustered in a 30 day period during 7 years
1  10-4
 Chance probability ~ few  10-3
Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

30. Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002
Statistics
We need the probability of finding 7 events from at least one of the sources considered:
Looking only at GX339 – 4 and SS433, for which a high neutrino flux is predicted:
P  6  10-3
Looking at all 42 sources on the MACRO list:
P  8.6  10-2
Looking only at the microquasars on the list:
P  1  10-2
But how valid is all this?
Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

31. Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002
Other signals?
Super-K
sees nothing
AMANDA
GX339 – 4 is above AMANDA’s horizon
terrestrial gamma flashes? ??
BATSE
GX339 – 4 is visible for 19.6 hrs/day ??
ANTARES
Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

32. Neutrinos from other microquasars?
A high flux is also predicted for microquasar SS433
(835 events year-1 km3)
MACRO sees no neutrinos from this sources
No active periods!
Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

33. ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Microquasars emit neutrinos Microquasars emit neutrinos
Neutrinos from other microquasars? ☺ ☺ ☺
A very bold assumption:
Microquasars emit neutrinos
during their active state
Microquasars emit neutrinos
during their active state
One would have to look at all the microquasars in MACRO’s field of view, and search for a correlation.
Two things may happen...
Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

34. Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002
Further ideas:
Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

35. Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002
To be continued...
Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

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