1. Nucleic Acids
Made of nucleotides (nitrogen base,
pentose sugar, phosphate)
Informational
C, H, O, N, P
Phosphodiester linkage

2. Bases

3. DNA vs. RNA Ribose Deoxyribose Single stranded Double stranded Uracil
Structure and protein synthesis
Deoxyribose
Double stranded
Thymine
Makes up genes

4. High energy bonds
link

5. ATP serves as a common energy source for organisms because
It is the smallest energy molecule.
it is extremely stable and can be stored in the cell for long periods of time.
its energy can be easily transferred to do cellular work.
traces of it have been found in fossils of ancient organisms dating back to the beginning of life on Earth.
Answer: C
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6. Central Dogma

7. Structure, enzymes, antibodies
Proteins
C, H, O, N, sometimes S
Molecular tools
Structure, enzymes, antibodies
Transport, movement, receptors, hormones
Chains of amino acids linked by peptide
bonds
Peptide bond

8. Amino Acids

9. R Groups
Gives protein its properties

10. Levels of Structure
Secondary
Primary
Tertiary
Quaternary
link

11. Sickle-cell anemia results from a point mutation in the HBB gene
Sickle-cell anemia results from a point mutation in the HBB gene. The mutation results in the replacement of an amino acid that has a hydrophilic R-group with an amino acid that has a hydrophobic R-group on the exterior of the hemoglobin protein. Such a mutation would most likely result in altered
Properties of the molecule as a result of abnormal interactions between adjacent hemoglobin molecules.
DNA structure as a result of abnormal hydrogen bonding between nitrogenous bases.
Fatty acid structure as a result of changes in ionic interactions between adjacent fatty acid chains.
Protein secondary structure as a result of abnormal hydrophobic interactions between R-groups in the backbone of the protein.
Answer: A
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13. Denaturing (losing structure)
Heat
pH changes
High salts
Unfolding

14. 2001- Proteins- large complex molecules- are
major building blocks of all living organisms.
Discuss the following in relation to proteins.
a. The chemical composition and levels
of structure of proteins.
2008-

15. Catabolic Pathways: break down

16. Enzymes: Biological Catalysts
Anabolic Pathways: build

18. Pancreatic Lipase

19. Substrate Specific
active site
active site
Lock and Key Model

20. Induced Fit Model Substrate bound to active site by weak interactions
(hydrogen bond, ionic bond,
Van der Waals force, etc.)
Induced Fit Model

21. The enzyme cystathionine b-synthase (CBS) catalyzes the condenation of serine and homocysteine to produce cystathionine, an important intermediate in the biosynthesis of cysteine. Deficiency of CBS activity results in toxic levels of homocysteine and is the most common cause of homocystinuria, a disease whose symptoms include dislocated eye lenses, skeletal and vascular problems, and mental retardation. Mammalian CBS is a unique heme protein that requires the cofactor pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP). Although heme is essential for activity inmammalian CBS, the chemistry is performed by PLP, and heme is not present in the enzyme of lower organisms. Why, then, has nature included a heme in the CBS of mammals? Our hypothesis is that the heme of CBS is acting as a regulator of enzyme activity. A number of studies demonstrate that there is communication between the heme and the active site, e.g. small molecule binding and reduction of the heme both diminish enzyme activity. In collaboration with Professor Jan Kraus (University of Colorado, Denver), we are currently probing the enzyme and the heme with a variety of spectroscopic and biochemical methods, such as electronic absorption and magnetic circular dichroism (MCD), and resonance Raman spectroscopies, site-directed mutagenesis, and radiochemical enzyme assays in an attempt to unlock the mystery of the heme in this enzyme.

22. Competitive Inhibition

25. Allosteric Regulation

27. Structural Order

29. All of the following are true about enzymes EXCEPT:
Enzymes accelerate reactions by lowering the energy of activation.
Some enzymes are allosteric.
All enzymes in the human are most active at 37 C and at a pH around 7.
They catalyze reactions in both directions.
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