1. Fallacy
False Argument

2. Either/Or Fallacy
Suggesting that there are only two possibilities when there are clearly more.
EXAMPLE: Either you pass this class or you will fail. (You could withdraw, transfer, etc.)

3. Red Herring Changing the subject to avoid the real issue.
EXAMPLE: When discussing health care for all, someone says that Hitler supported that idea.

4. Cause/ Effect
Assuming that just because one event takes place immediately after the first event, the first event caused the second event
EXAMPLE: You tell someone you are casting a spell to kill them and they die an hour later.

5. Personal Attack
Attacking the person, not the issue or the evidence they have presented
EXAMPLE: You present hard evidence of human rights violations in prisons and someone says that your opinion doesn’t matter because you are a convicted felon.

6. Straw Man
An oversimplification of facts or taking something out of context.
EXAMPLE: You are running for Mayor and you say, “I don’t like it when people say I hate democracy.” The newspaper supporting the other candidate prints a story saying that you said, “I hate democracy.”

7. Slippery Slope
Suggesting that one small step in a particular direction will result in catastrophic consequences.
EXAMPLE: If we legalize marijuana, everyone will become heroin addicts.

8. False Analogy Suggesting that two similar things are actually the same
EXAMPLE: Life is like a box of chocolates, you never know what you are going to get. However, “Whitman’s Samplers” tell you what you are getting.