1. Microprocessors
A Beginning

2. A hardwired system can fulfil only the purpose for which it was designed. It uses fixed logic gates and chips to perform its given function. Changing the function of the system requires changing circuitry which is an unrealistic proposition in todays fast changing world.
Micros and Hardwired

3. Micro’s versus Hardwired
Microprocessors have the following advantages
Flexibility
Customizable
Very powerful and continuously adaptable
Far less electronic “real estate” required per function
Micro’s versus Hardwired

4. Micro’s versus Hardwired
Microprocessors do have some small drawbacks
They are in most cases not quite as fast at performing a given function as a dedicated hardwired system would be
There is a learning curve associated with the programming and debugging of microprocessors
Micro’s versus Hardwired

5. Von Nuemman vs Harvard Architecture
Microprocessors and microcontrollers are almost always based on one of two different architectures (named below). This short flash movie should go some way to explaining the major differences between them.
Nuemann_Architecture.htm
Von Nuemman vs Harvard Architecture

6. Von Nuemman vs Harvard Architecture
One key difference between Von Nuemman and Harvard architecture is that Harvard systems have a separate bus for loading program instructions. This tends to make Harvard systems able to achieve faster execution speeds for a given clock frequency.
Von Nuemman vs Harvard Architecture

7. The Bus System

8. Microprocessor Architecture

9. Internal Structure of a Z80

10. Common Features of a Microprocessor
Data bus
Carries the data associated with a processing function of the microprocessor, either fetched from memory written to memory or sent to the input/output interfaces
Address bus
Each memory storage location has a unique address allowing the system to select a unique memory address in the memory. When an address is selected, the code required to select a given space in memory is placed on the address bus
Common Features of a Microprocessor

11. Common Features of a Microprocessor
Control bus
Carries signals associated with the control actions of the microprocessor. For example it is necessary for the microprocessor to inform memory devices whether they are to read from or write to memory. The control bus is also used to carry the system clock signals which synchronise all of the actions of the microprocessor. The control bus carries the data generated by the control unit.
Common Features of a Microprocessor

12. Common Features of a Microprocessor
Memory ROM = Read Only Memory. This is persistent memory which will remain stored even when the system is switched off RAM = Random Access Memory, random refers to the fact that any memory address in RAM is as easily accessible as any other.
Common Features of a Microprocessor

13. Common Features of a Microprocessor
Arithmetic and logic unit This element is responsible for data manipulation and carries out arithmetic operations of addition, subtraction and logic operations AND, OR, NOT and EXCLUSIVE OR
Common Features of a Microprocessor

14. Common Features of a Microprocessor
Registers These are memory locations within the microprocessor and are used to store information involved in program execution. As you can see by studying the diagram. The microprocessor has a few different registers which all serve different functions.
Common Features of a Microprocessor

15. Common Features of a Microprocessor
Accumulator Is a temporary storage area for data which the arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) will be working on. If it helps you can think of this unit as a queue of numbers all waiting to be processed. This unit is important when several different types of data are required to complete a program instruction. The data is passed into the ALU processed then passed back to the ALU, where it waits to be directed to other memory locations or input/output latches and interfaces.
Common Features of a Microprocessor

16. Common Features of a Microprocessor
Registers These are memory locations within the microprocessor and are used to store information involved in program execution. As you can see by studying the diagram. The microprocessor has a few different registers which all serve different functions.
Common Features of a Microprocessor

17. Common Features of a Microprocessor
Flag and Status Registers These registers carry information about the latest result of an arithmetic operation in the ALU. The register contains individual bits known as flags. The flags can indicate the result of the operation whether it was a 1 or a 0, whether a number was carried out, whether the result caused an overflow or whether the program is allowed to be interrupted so an external event can occur. The program can then take actions based on the value of the flags in the various registers
Common Features of a Microprocessor

18. Common Features of a Microprocessor
Program Counter This register is used to allow the microprocessor to keep track of its position in a program. This register contains the address of the memory location that contains the next and program instruction. Therefore as each instruction is executed the program counter is updated so that it contains the address of the next instruction. This counter is incremented by a 1 each time so that the microprocessor executes the instructions sequentially
Common Features of a Microprocessor

19. Common Features of a Microprocessor
Memory Address Register This register is used for storing addresses. For example in an arithmetic operation the address register is loaded with the address of the first number. The data at this address is then moved to the accumulator. The address of the second number is then loaded into the address register and then moved to the accumulator as well.
Common Features of a Microprocessor

20. Common Features of a Microprocessor
Stack Pointer Register Another form of address register is the stack pointer register. The stack is a special area in memory where program counter values can be stored when a subroutine is called.
Common Features of a Microprocessor

21. Common Features of a Microprocessor
Instruction Register This stores an instruction. After fetching an instruction from the memory, the CPU stores it in the instruction register. It can then be decoded and used to execute an operation.
Common Features of a Microprocessor