1. Electric and Hybrids Vehicles in Public Transportation Systems
Benedito Oliveira
Sep. 2013

2. Objective
Discuss the basics of Electric and Hybrid Buses in the application for public transport system.
In this presentation electrification is considered as the use of Electrical Energy as Traction force. The source of electrical energy is the Traction Battery and the way to charge it can be from the vehicle itself (Hybrid) and or from the Grid (Plugin Hybrid, Electrical Vehicle).
Describe the presentation focus, what is included and what is not

3. Agenda Why Electromobility? Hybrid and Electrical Powertrain concepts
Application
Volvo Hybrid B215RH
Benedito Oliveira
17-Jun-13

4. Way to electro mobility
City requests:
Silent
Fuel and energy efficient
Low or zero emissions
Sustainable energy sources

5. Drive distance with same available energy
Why Electro mobility?
The main driver for electro mobility is “Energy Efficiency”
Linked to energy efficiency is:
Low to no tailpipe emissions
Low interior and exterior noise
Low CO2 emissions
Low LCC
Drive distance with same available energy
Diesel 10 Km 48 Kwh
Hybrid 14.2 Km
* Technical limitations -Range -Charge Frequency -Charging time
Plug-in Hybrid 25 Km *
Full electric (Normal bus) 34 Km *
Full electric (Light bus) 44 Km

6. The Conventional Drivetrain
Diesel Engine
AMT
gearbox D
< 30 % ave
98 % D
Energy
Storage + -
El.
mach
Power
Electronics
95 %
98 %
90x90 %
Advantage:
High range
Drawbacks:
Low average efficiency, %
No regenerative braking
Idea to solution:
- An electric vehicle

7. Energy use in city bus cycle

8. The Electric Vehicle D D Advantage: High average efficiency
95 %
95 %
98 %
98 %
El.
mach
El.
mach
Advantage:
High average efficiency
Regenerative braking
at Traction motor power
Packaging
Drawbacks:
Low range
High cost / kW tractive power
95 %
95 %
Power
Electronics
Power
Electronics
Energy
Storage + -
Energy
Storage + -
90x90 %

9. The Hybrid Vehicle ”PlugIn”- Charging
“Hybrid drives are drives that have at least two different primer movers and energy accumulators”
Neumeyer, H. – Automotive transmissions 9

10. The Hybrid Vehicle Regenerative Braking Diesel Engine Efficiency
The battery is loaded using the Electrical Motor operating as generator (engine brake).
Diesel Engine Efficiency
Diesel engine is switched off in idle (traffic light, bus stops). The diesel engine will only operate when it is more efficient.

11. The Series Hybrid Vehicle
95 %
95 %
98 %
>30%
Diesel Engine
El.
mach
El.
mach
95 %
95 %
Advantage:
High range
Drawbacks:
Low ICE drive efficiency
High drive system cost / kW
All installed power NOT available
on the wheels
Idea to solution:
- Connect ICE to wheels mechanically – The Parallell Hybrid
Power
Electronics
Power
Electronics
Energy
Storage + -

12. The Parallell Hybrid Vehicle
Energy
Storage + -
El.
mach
Diesel Engine
Power
Electronics
Gearbox
Advantage:
High ICE drive efficiency
due to hybrid control
ICE downsizing
Low system cost / kW tractive power
High commonality with non-hybrid drive train
Redundancy if electric drive malfunction
Drawbacks:
Lower max regenerative braking due to lower EM rating than series

13. Enhanced Performance with Parallel Drive
Energy
Storage + -
El.
mach
Diesel Engine
Power
Electronics
Gearbox
Both Together T
Diesel
Electric Drive
rpm

14. How can Hybrid Vehicle help to improved efficiency and fuel consumption? (Volvo Hybrid)
FUEL SAVING

15. ~ 35% Diesel Hybrid 7700 Diesel: 13.7 l/h 7700 Hybrid: 9.6 l/h
Saving: 4.1 l/h
Example of fuel consumption:
Hybrid vehicles from Volvo have an avegare of fuel consumption of about 35%.
7700 Diesel: 8.5 l/h
7700 Hybrid: 6.0 l/h
Saving: 2.5 l/h

16. What are the major benefits and contraints in application?
Hybrid
(++) Flexibility in application, no need of specific infraestructure. Except for plug-in hybrids.
(+) Drive range:
Full Hybrid: 35% more than a normal diesel bus
Plug-in Hybrid: 60% more than a normall diesel bus
(+) Noise: Smaller ICE, Start-stop functionality
(-) Weight: Need for Battery, Electrical motor, Control System
Electric
(++) Zero emission
(++) Noise free
(--) Weight: Need for more battery than a hybrid vehicle, control system and bigger Electric Motor.
(--) Need for infraestruture, charging stations
(-) Drive range, need to recharge or have the grid.
Benedito Oliveira
17-Jun-13

17. Optimised public transports by 2020 -Daily travel
School bus Fully electric
BRT Hybrid bus
Train Express bus +bio fuel
Feeder Hybrid bus + plug-in
Critical time ~60 minutes km/h Bus km/h Train -600 km/h Air
Down town Hybrid bus Fully electric

18. Summary Future technology parallel development
Hybrid bus + Plug-in hybrids
Diesel
Fully electrical buses
Drivers
Noise
Energy efficiency
Synergies with cars and trucks
Environmental impact less than Euro VI already today
Less dependency on oil
Low infra structure requirement

19. The path towards Green Efficiency
Hybrid
Diesel
Hybrid Plug-in
City Bus Market
Fully electric
2010
Future

20. Volvo Hybrid - Curitiba

21. VOLVO B215RH
Volvo Engine 5L D5F 215HP
* ESS Energy Storage System, incl Battery and control system
Volvo I-Shift Transmission
Li-ion ESS
Electrical power steering
Electrical Motor

22. Parallel integrated design
Electrical machine generator/motor 800 Nm, 120 kW / 160 Hp
I-Shift gear box 12 gears
Battery Li-ion
120 KW
Power electronics AC/DC converter
D5 Engine 800 Nm, 160 kW /215 Hp

23. Concept Volvo Hybrid Operation modes Characteristic T rpm
0 – 20km/h: Eletric
Após 20 km/h: Hybrid
Diesel engine off during stops T
rpm
Characteristic
Highly Efficient Diesel Engine combined with Electrical Motor
Together or separate Traction
Diesel and Electrical coordinated to improve performance and decrease environmental impact

24. Summary – Hybrid & Electric Vehicle
Proportional reliance on ESS
Proportional source of propulsion
Source of propulsion
ICE EM
Proportional source of driving power
Conventional
ESS EM
ICE
Volvo Hybrid
Full Hybrid
Parallel Hybrid
Volvo Plug-in Hybrid
Plug-in Hybrid
Electric
ICE
Fuel Cell
Series Hybrid

25. Comparing Technologies - At constant speed
~95%
~98%
~81%
~43%
~95%
~95%
Serial Hybrid - Efficiency at constant speed: 0.43 * 0.95 * 0.95 *0.95*0.98  36%
~95%
~81%
~95%
~98%
~43%
Parallel Hybrid - Efficiency at constant speed: 0.43 * 0.98  42%  15% lower fuel consumption than serial hybrid