1. Energy loss for evaluating heart valve performance
Cary W. Akins, MD, Brandon Travis, PhD, Ajit P. Yoganathan, PhD 
The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 
Volume 136, Issue 4, Pages (October 2008)
DOI: /j.jtcvs
Copyright © 2008 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery Terms and Conditions

2. Figure 1 Pressure-volume diagram of one cardiac cycle.
The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.jtcvs )
Copyright © 2008 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery Terms and Conditions

3. Figure 2
Flow velocity profile under laminar conditions (A) and turbulent conditions (B).
The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.jtcvs )
Copyright © 2008 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery Terms and Conditions

4. Figure 3
Turbulence resulting from interruption of laminar flow by an irregularity in a vessel wall.
The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.jtcvs )
Copyright © 2008 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery Terms and Conditions

5. Figure 4
Flow separation created by various shapes inserted into flow stream: A, spherical ball; B, teardrop; C, ball with lateral protrusions; D, disc.
The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.jtcvs )
Copyright © 2008 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery Terms and Conditions

6. Figure 5
Energy changes in schematic arterial stenosis: Energy changes per unit volume of blood (top) and schematic arterial stenosis (bottom).
The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.jtcvs )
Copyright © 2008 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery Terms and Conditions

7. Figure 6
Differences in effective orifice area depending on abrupt contraction (A) and gradual contraction (B).
The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.jtcvs )
Copyright © 2008 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery Terms and Conditions