2. While the war was coming to an end in Europe, the Allies continued to fight the Japanese in the Pacific

3. After Midway, the Allies began to regain islands controlled by Japan
After the attack on Pearl Harbor, the USA sent troops to the Pacific theater
The Pacific war revealed a new kind of fighting by using aircraft carriers
The turning point in the war in the Pacific came at the Battle of Midway
After Midway, the Allies began to regain islands controlled by Japan

4. Japan did not play by traditional rules in war
“Kamikaze” pilots flew planes into battleships & aircraft carriers
Japanese soldiers refused to surrender & tortured Allied prisoners of war

5. The problem for the Allies was the time & troops it would cost to retake the thousands of islands the Japanese controlled in the Pacific
The U.S. developed an island-hopping strategy to skip the heavily defended islands & seize islands close to Japan
From 1943 to 1945, the Allies took back the Philippines & were moving in on Japan
The fight for Guadalcanal took 6 months & cost 25,000 Japanese & 2,000 U.S. lives

6. In 1945, the Allies won the islands of Iwo Jima & Okinawa
From these islands, the U.S. began firebombing Japanese cities

7. …But, perhaps a land invasion was not necessary…
Despite losing control of the Pacific & withstanding firebomb attacks, Japan refused to surrender
By May 1945, the war in Europe was over & U.S. began preparing for a land invasion of Japan
…But, perhaps a land invasion was not necessary…

8. Whether to Build the Atomic Bomb? Critical Thinking Decision #1
Critical-Thinking Question A: You are an advisor to President Roosevelt. After examining available intelligence, which of the following do you advise the president to do? Be prepared to defend your answer.
Ignore scientific developments and do not build an atomic bomb; concentrate U.S. efforts on building conventional weapons, such as faster planes and more powerful tanks.
Vigorously pursue the construction of an atomic bomb because the United States is in a race against the Germans.
Postpone the development of an atomic bomb and send spies into Germany to determine the accuracy of Einstein's letter.
Do not develop the bomb. Instead, monitor the construction of new German weapon facilities and then send American bombers to destroy them.
Denounce the development of atomic bombs as immoral. Only evil could come from their development.
FDR’s Decision: B
In 1939, Albert Einstein wrote U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt about the potential to build a nuclear weapon
FDR created a top-secret program called the Manhattan Project

9. Robert Oppenheimer was put in charge of developing the bomb
The Manhattan Project
Robert Oppenheimer was put in charge of developing the bomb
From , a number of secret labs across the country developed & built the bomb

10. The bomb was constructed in a secret city in Oak Ridge, TN
In July 1945, the bomb was successfully tested at Los Alamos, New Mexico during Project Trinity
The bomb was constructed in a secret city in Oak Ridge, TN
Physicist Enrico Fermi at the University of Chicago developed the nuclear reaction
Nuclear plant in Hanford, WA developed the plutonium
America: Story of Us: The Manhattan Project

11. In April 1945, FDR died & his VP Harry Truman had to decide how to end the war in the Pacific

12. Whether to Drop the Atomic Bomb: Critical Thinking Decision #2
Critical-Thinking Question B: You are a close advisor to President Truman, who’s job it is to end WWII. Which of the following do you advise the president to do? Be prepared to defend your answer.
Without warning, drop an atomic bomb on a Japanese city as soon as possible.
Drop the bomb on an unpopulated area to demonstrate its destructive capabilities.
Warn the Japanese that the United States possesses atomic weapons and is willing to use them if they don't surrender in a specified time. If they don't surrender, then drop the bomb.
Reject the use of atomic weapons, and continue the naval blockade and conventional bombing. If the measures do not produce a Japanese surrender, invade Japan.
Reject the use of atomic weapons and negotiate an end to World War II, allowing the Japanese to surrender with their emperor as a part of the postwar government.
Truman’s Decision: C

13. In July 1945, the Big Three met at the Potsdam Conference to discuss the end of WWII
Truman learned the atomic bomb was ready & issued the Potsdam Declaration to Japan: “surrender or face destruction”

14. After the second atomic bomb, Emperor Hirohito agreed to a surrender
When Japan refused to surrender, Truman ordered the bombing of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945
After 3 days, Japan did not surrender so a 2nd atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki
After the second atomic bomb, Emperor Hirohito agreed to a surrender

15. World War II was over

16. Conclusions: The Impact of World War II
World War II was the biggest, most deadly, & most impactful war in world history:
Europe was destroyed by the war & lost its place as the epicenter of power in the world
The USA & USSR emerged as super powers & rivals competing for influence in the world
A United Nations was formed to replace the League of Nations to help promote peace
Colonized nations began to demand independence from Europeans