1. Development Policy and Management WEEK FIVE
PIA 2501
Development Policy and Management
WEEK FIVE

3. Deadlock? Discussion

4. Themes for the Week The Deadlock in Development Management
The Failure to Create a Private Sector
The Failure of Planning
Structural Adjustment
Problems with Structural Adjustment
Back to Basic Needs
The Foreign Aid Conundrum

5. Theme 1. The Deadlock in Development and Internal Capacity Issues (Bryant & White)- The Sixty Four Dollar Questions?
See Bernard Schaffer, The Administrative Factor; Papers in Organization, Politics and Development (London: Cass, 1973).
How much development will occur without political institutions and political will?
Bureaucratic elites are part of a process of political control and mediation and development policy may have a major political mediation (control) role.
What are the limitations of a state planning approach to development?
Is Social Engineering Ethical?

6. Social Mobilization Training Social Engineering VIDEO

7. Internal Capacity Issues (Bryant & White)
Basic Needs Assumptions: Problem
Need for increased capacity of public, parastatal and private sectors
State should remain central to development planning and management
Need for administrative reform to develop more creative development structures

8. The Future of Development Management?

9. Internal Capacity Issues (Bryant & White)
Debates: the “Attitudes Problem”
How to get people to think developmentally?
Changes in programmatic values have an impact on LDC elites
Is working for the State different than working in the non-profit or private sector?

10. Internal Capacity Issues (Bryant & White)
Debates: the “Attitudes Problem”
Problem of the Organizational Bourgeoisie: Bureaucratic values unchanged from colonial period as domestic elites manipulate public policy (Picard)
Myth of civil service neutrality: Bureaucratic elites have interests
At best what results is benign neglect, at worst resource extraction

11. Theme Two: The Failure of Private Sector Development
Problem: failure to develop an indigenous
capitalism Limited to European settlers
Debate about Pariah groups—Jews and Roma in Eastern Europe, Chinese in much of Asia,
Lebanese and East Indians in parts of Africa
and Latin America (See V.S. Naipaul)
Conflict and Marginalized People

12. Book 1: White Mischief September 29
James Fox: British Journalist, Sunday Times (London)
Description: Amorality of Colonial Kenya
Issue: What does the book tell us about Colonialism

13. Internal Capacity Issues (Bryant & White)
Debates: the “Attitudes Problem”
Settlers
Sometimes referred to as “Comprador” classes or “dependent elites,” since they have been co-opted and are linked to Northern Tier states
Expatriate Attitudes?
Pariah Elites- Are they real?

14. James Fox, White Mischief: The Murder of Lord Erroll, New York: Vintage Books, 1998. 1987 Film.
The Story of Happy Valley, Kenya. Good Picture of Colonial Africa James Fox

15. White Mischief in the 21st Century?
AN OUT TAKE

16. Pariah Groups: Gypsies (Roma) in Europe

17. Lebanese Fleeing Violence in Sierra Leone, 1997

18. Private Sector Weakness
Reminder: The Problem with Pariah Groups
Limited to settler, pariah groups—Jews and Roma in Eastern Europe, Chinese in much of Asia, Lebanese and East Indians in parts of Africa and Latin America (See Books of V.S. Naipaul)

19. Idi Amin Expels Uganda Asians

20. Internal Capacity Issues
Debates: the “Attitudes Problem”
Indigenous Elites have been
co-opted and are linked to
Northern Tier states-
Cronyism and Markets

21. Theme Three :The Failure of Planning

22. Bureaucrats and Failures of Development Planning
A Problem: The limits on political compromise and local level autonomy
Failure of Development and the limits of the econometric model
Failure of planning blamed on weak planning and administrative capacity
Planning was a “shopping list”

23. Anti-Planning: Neo-Orthodoxy: The Problem (3)
Planning illustrates problem of soft-state and inability of state to impose its will on society-
Planning Part of the Problem
But the Problems are real

24. AMTRAK- Public or Private?

25. To what extent is the state planning approach possible?
Bureaucratic, administrative and political constraints constitute a major limitation
Development strategies often parallel but ignore political realities
“Looking for
a Rule to Follow”

27. Problem: The Expanding Civil Service
Civil Servant Component of the total Current Budget
10 to 15% in MDCs
30 to 60% in LDCs
South Africa in 2001, 46%
Benin in the 1980s, 64%
Central African Republic in the 1960s, 81%

29. End of development model assumption
Orthodoxy: Overseas capital investment
Accepts Foreign or "Pariah" group ownership and control of trade and commerce
A New Reality: Local soft political institutions, weak private sectors

30. Counter-Neo-Orthodoxy Argument
Bureaucracies are socio-economic actors
Good example: Land reform and bureaucracies
A study of 25 major land reforms--in 15 cases the bureaucracy was major beneficiary in the process 30

31. Internal Capacity Issues Reminder
Debates: the “Attitudes Problem” and the Public Sector
Myth of civil service neutrality: Bureaucratic elites have interests “Statism”
At best what results is benign neglect, at worst resource extraction
Problem: failure to develop and indigenous capitalism

33. Internal Capacity Issues (Bryant & White)
Debates: the Bureaucratic “Attitudes Problem” continued
How developmental are bureaucrats?
Can the state be used for SOCIAL ENGINEERING?
Is the private or non-profit sector better at development?

34. Theme Four: Structural Adjustment 1983-2013 Special Focus
Structural Adjustment with or without a “Human Face”
VIDEO
Protests: Do they make sense?

35. Neo-Orthodoxy Development management- development programs are “bad”
Can’t make planning better
Neo-Orthodoxy and privatization
Market Currencies, Free Trade and Small Government

36. Structural Adjustment Policies 1985-2001 plus….
The Structural Adjustment Argument- Need to
stabilize currency and markets (getting the prices right)
Promote Free Trade
Need to refocus role of state from development to law and order and deregulation
Address the problem of Debt and Structural Adjustment reforms (IMF and World Bank)

37. Neo-Orthodoxy View of Development Management
Five year plans of over 1500 pages for a country of less than a million people
Part of unfulfilled rhetoric of development
National Planning to be replaced by local and regional planning (and Projects

38. University of Chicago School

39. Currency Exchange

40. Change: the Neo-Orthodoxy
The Realities: To End of 1980s- Focus on anti-Marxist, growth regimes
Korea, Taiwan, Brazil, Chile, South Africa (newly emerging States)
Politics not important
The Asian Model

41. Structural Adjustment Policies 1985-2001-
Failure of the Developmental State: Goran Hyden
Linked to “pre-scientific modes of
production of peasants”—Economy of Affection
Failure of State and “Exit Option” (See work of
Albert O. Hirschman) and Barter
Problem of Endemic Patronage and
Corruption

42. Economy of Affection- Barter

43. Structural Adjustment Policies 1985-2012
The Argument for “NGOism”
Left wing Privatization (Private Voluntary Organizations, Cooperatives, Community Based Organizations, Non-Profits)
Energy of NGOs
Structural Adjustment
Public Sector Reform—Reduce size and restructure state
Populist

46. Theme Five: Problems with Structural Adjustment
Too much Rambo? (Reagan Administration Symbol)

47. Structural Adjustment Goals
Reduce the size of the public sector (infamous 19% cut)
Promote Privatization or “NGOism”—Negative on the State
Privatization (Rambo vs. Effete)
Faith in Capitalist Entrepreneurialism
Neo-Orthodoxy had a purist element: “Rambo Privatization”

48. A Critical View….

49. Theme Six: Back To Basic Needs:
Return to Basic Needs
NGOs, Governance And Civil Society
Millennium Development Goals

50. Land Reform and Women’s Rights Real Issues that Need Addressing

51. Internal Capacity Issues: The Counter-Factual
Basic Needs Assumptions: Problem
Need for increased capacity of public, parastatal and private sectors
State should remain central to development planning and management
Need for administrative reform to develop more creative development structures
Millennium Development Goals

54. Summary: Development Management in 2013?
Concern about incapacity: Questions raised about efficacy of state approach
Critics spoke of negative state
Government had become a negative
Debates focused on privatization, public sector reform and NGOism
Need to address issues of external vs. internal solutions to development problems
(domestic capacity vs. international redistribution)

55. Summary: Development Management in 2013?
Focus should be on issues of sustainability and institutional development- not projects
Need to search for a creative, flexible, and innovative management system
Difficult to separate development from politics
Implementation had become the neglected component of development policy (Pressman and Wildavsky)
Question: The appropriateness of the U.S. case study as lessons for development action?

57. Choices: Contracting Out and Privatization NGOism and Grants
Capacity Building (HRD)
A Mixed Scanning Approach
Democracy?

58. TEN MINUTE BREAK

59. PICARD
“Unpaid Editorial”

60. Theme Seven: Foreign Aid Debates

61. The Problem (1): Bad Planning and Foreign Aid
1. Bureaucrats/practitioners ignored development theories & ideas
2. LDC Development Institutes were largely irrelevant as training centers--donors used overseas training
3. International Organizations (UNDP, IMF and World Bank) promoted Programs that were unworkable.

62. The Foreign Aid Meeting

63. The Problem (2)
Development administration did little to deal with issues of population control, food production and rural development
Foreign aid was seen as little more than a front for foreign policy
Issues of Health and Education

64. But…. Donors Need Planning Skills (Still)
“National Program Support Office, Afghanistan” (October, 2005)
Project Management Unit (PMU)

65. Autonomous Work Packaging Model

66. Planning Became Project Planning
“End of Editorial”

67. What is the Answer?

68. How Important is Foreign Aid?

69. The Problems of Foreign Aid and Development Management
Quote of the Week: The Quiet American- An Alternative to expatriate involvement?
Non-Involvement?
"The Human Condition being
what it was, let them fight, let
them love, let them murder,
I would not be involved.“
Graham Greene

70. Late Colonial Philippines

71. William J. Lederer and Eugene L. Burdick- The Origin
(March 31, 1912 to December 05, 2009)
(December 12, 1918–July 26, 1965)

72. “ “The Book of the Week Club”
William Lederer and Eugene Burdick, The Ugly American
What message do these give us about foreigners in Asia and Africa
What message do the books give us about “development” or the lack of it.
What criticism would you make of the books?

73. Discussion: Stanley Karnow: “In Our Image?”
In Our Image (France, U.S., Portugal)
Is assimilation the answer?
In the Philippines, South East Asia, Middle East /Africa?
Latin America: Just Spain?
Died January 27, 2013 (87Years old ) 73

74. Who is the Ugly American?
Background: Origins of U.S. Foreign Aid Policy
Marshall Plan and Point Four Program
Agricultural College Bias
Ugly American and the Peace Corps (and the other “peace corps”)
Technical Assistance in Vietnam
Models of Malaya and Kenya
“Hearts and Minds” (French term, taken to Viet Nam, later used in South Africa, Iraq)

75. Vietnam

76. Authors of the Week
U.S. Administrators and the “official U.S.” Need to outwit the communists; find the “decent Asian”
American compound mentality: the “overseas American” sees unusual and unorthodox as “threatening”
Basic ideology of the 1950s—Image of Russian officials: cultural and linguistic sensitivity
U.S. Press—seldom writes about foreign policy and when they do, focus is on those who are “threatening” U.S. interests
Religion: able to penetrate LDCs, and recruit indigenous allies

77. William Lederer and Eugene Burdick, The Ugly American
Major Themes
Various meanings of the term, “ugly american”
Types of Americans overseas
The U.S. Foreign Service in 1958
Midwestern Salt of the Earth
“Hearts and Minds”

78. From the Authors
William Lederer and Eugene Burdick- Journalists- Say Non-Fiction
Characters—their significance
Development Officials
Communist “followers”
Dairy Specialists and “Engineers”
Priests
Secretaries as Lacking in Sensitivity

80. Millennium Development Goals: Eight Goals for 2015

81. Social Mobilization Training Still Around

82. The Middle View
The Moderate Interpretation of Development Administration Failures
Goal: Realistic Decision-Making based on sufficient knowledge (strategic planning) “Mixed Scanning”
Balance Public-Private Partnerships

83. The Twenty-First Century Model Redux

84. Denis A. Goulet, 75, died December 26, 2006: Appropriate Theory and Practice