1. Polar oceans in a changing climate
David K.A. Barnes, Geraint A. Tarling 
Current Biology 
Volume 27, Issue 11, Pages R454-R460 (June 2017)
DOI: /j.cub
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2. Figure 1 Frozen oceans on Europa, Enceladus and Earth.
Top: surfaces of Jupiter’s moon Europa (left, photo: NASA/JPL-Caltech) and Saturn’s moon Enceladus (right; NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science Institute). Bottom: the Southern Ocean and high Arctic, Ny Alesund in polar winters (Photos: British Antarctic Survey).
Current Biology  , R454-R460DOI: ( /j.cub )
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3. Figure 2
Different forms of flux in zooplankton and their implications for carbon cycling.
Carbon becomes exported to the deep Polar Ocean through four major types of fluxes. Passive flux is the gravitational sinking of mainly phytodetrital matter, much of which is intercepted by a layer of recycling organisms which lies below the surface (photic) layers. Active flux involves the ingestion of matter in the surface layers by zooplankton who actively migrate to depth, beyond much of the recycling layer, where they respire, excrete and defaecate what they have ingested. In swarm flux, the high concentration of sinking faecal matter rapidly satiates the recycling community and much of this material makes it to depth. Lipid flux occurs seasonally involving winter respiration of lipid reserves in diapausing copepods residing at depth.
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4. Figure 3 Fouling on shallow polar hard surfaces.
Slow and variable colonisation on panels in Arctic and Antarctic nearshore shallow waters. Data show space covered with time, depth, site (shapes) and in the Antarctic trial start year (black lines vs blue). Photos show 7-year coverage. Arctic data and photo from Piotr Kuklinski.
Current Biology  , R454-R460DOI: ( /j.cub )
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5. Figure 4 Contrasting responses of benthos with depth to sea-ice loss.
Fast ice, ice-scour and carbon storage by benthos with depth. Data from Barnes (2016) and unpublished. Low fast ice is associated with high ice scour and low carbon in the shallows but high carbon at depth. Note a phase shift from 2007, to low fast ice, high ice scour, low carbon shallows and high carbon deep benthos. Modified with permission of John Wiley & Sons from Barnes (2016) Global Change Biology (
Current Biology  , R454-R460DOI: ( /j.cub )
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