1. Main Types of Industrial Material
Metals and Alloys
Ceramics
Polymeric Materials
Composites

2. Structure and Properties
All types of materials have internal structure that essentially constitutes grains (or particles) of different phases. These particles can have different sizes and shapes, as well as different distributions
The internal structure (or microstructure) influences the mechanical, physical and even chemical properties of the material
In most cases we can modify the microstructure so as to bring about changes in the properties

3. Grains in Metals

4. Grains and Grain-Boundaries

5. Regular arrangement of atoms in solids

6. 3-dimensional array in crystals

8. 3-dimensional array in crystals

9. 3-dimensional array in crystals

10. 7 crystal Systems
Cubic
Tetragonal
Hexagonal

11. Crystal Systems (continued)
Orthorhombic
Monoclinic
Triclinic
Rhombohedral

12. Solidification Curve

13. Development of Grain Structure

14. Solidification

15. Solidification

16. Dendritic Solidification

17. Cast Structure

19. Grains in Cast Ingot

20. Ingot Casting methods

21. Solidification Shrinkage

22. Continuous Casting of Billets

23. Continuous Casting of Billets

24. Ingot Casting methods

25. Forging Press

26. Grain in Metals

27. Simulated cast microstructure