1. The Early History of Congenital Heart Surgery: Closed Heart Operations
John A. Waldhausen, MD 
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 
Volume 64, Issue 5, Pages (November 1997)
DOI: /S (97)
Copyright © 1997 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Terms and Conditions

2. Fig 1
(A) Alexis Carrel (1872–1944), Associate, Rockefeller Institute, and Nobel Laureate. (Courtesy National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland.) (B) Robert E. Gross (1905–1988), Professor of Surgery, Harvard University and Boston Children's Hospital. (Courtesy National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland.)
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (97) )
Copyright © 1997 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Terms and Conditions

3. Fig 2
(A) Helen B. Taussig (1898–1986), Professor of Pediatrics, The Johns Hopkins University. (Courtesy National Library of Medicine. Bethesda, Maryland.) (B) Alfred Blalock (1899 –1964), Professor of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University. (Personal photograph owned by Dr John A. Waldhausen.)
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (97) )
Copyright © 1997 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Terms and Conditions

4. Fig 3 Blalock-Taussig shunt.
Reprinted with permission from Blalock A. Taussig HB. The surgical treatment of malformations of the heart in which there is pulmonary stenosis or pulmonary atresia. JAMA 1945;128:189 –202. Copyright 1945, American Medical Association.
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (97) )
Copyright © 1997 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Terms and Conditions

5. Fig 4
Potts anastomosis.
Reprinted with permission from Potts WJ, Smith S, Gibson S. Anastomosis of the aorta to a pulmonary artery. JAMA 1946;132:627–31. Copyright 1946, American Medical Association.
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (97) )
Copyright © 1997 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Terms and Conditions

6. Fig 5
Glenn anastomosis. (R.A. = radial artery; R.P.A. = right pulmonary artery; S.V.C. = superior vena cava.)
Reprinted with permission from Glenn WWL. Circulatory bypass of the right side of the heart. IV. Shunt between superior vena cava and distal right pulmonary artery—report of the clinical application. N Engl J Med 1958;259:117–20. Copyright 1958, Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved.)
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (97) )
Copyright © 1997 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Terms and Conditions

7. Fig 6
(A) Clarence Crafoord (1899 –1984), Professor of Thoracic Surgery, Karolinska Institute. (Personal photograph owned by Dr John A. Waldhausen.) (B) Lord Brock (Russell Claude Brock) (1903–1981), Surgeon, Guy's Hospital.
Reprinted with permission from Schumacker HB Jr. The evolution of cardiac surgery. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1992.
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (97) )
Copyright © 1997 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Terms and Conditions

8. Fig 7 Subclavian flap operation for coarctation of the aorta.
Reprinted with permission from Waldhausen JA, Nahrwold DA. Repair of coarctation of the aorta with a subclavian flap. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1966;51:532–3.
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (97) )
Copyright © 1997 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Terms and Conditions

9. Fig 8 Transventricular pulmonary valvotomy.
Reprinted with permission from Waldhausen JA, Pierce WS. Johnson's surgery of the chest, fifth ed. Chicago: Yearbook Medical Publishers.
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (97) )
Copyright © 1997 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Terms and Conditions

10. Fig 9 Application of a rubber well to the right atrium.
Reprinted with permission from Gross RE, Pomeranz AA, Watkins E Jr, Goldsmith EI. Surgical closure of defects of the interauricular septum by use of an atrial well. N Engl J Med 1952;247;455–60. Copyright 1952, Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved.
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (97) )
Copyright © 1997 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Terms and Conditions

11. Fig 10 Blalock-Hanlon atrial septectomy.
Reprinted with permission from Waldhausen JA, Pierce WS. Johnson's surgery of the chest, fifth ed. Chicago: Yearbook Medical Publishers.
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (97) )
Copyright © 1997 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Terms and Conditions

12. Fig 11 Pulmonary artery banding.
Reprinted with permission from the American College of Surgeons [Surg Gynecol Obstet 1952;95: 213–9].
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (97) )
Copyright © 1997 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Terms and Conditions

13. Fig 12
Andrew G. Morrow (1922–1982). Chief, Clinic of Surgery, National Heart Institute, National Institutes of Health. (Personal photograph owned by Dr John A. Waldhausen.)
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (97) )
Copyright © 1997 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Terms and Conditions