1. Java Tokens & Data types

2. Identifiers Can’t be keywords Case-sensitive
Begin with and consist of:
Letters (a... Z)
Numbers (0…9)
Underscore (_)
Dollar sign ($)
Same as C++

3. Primitive Types boolean 8 bits (1 byte) char 16 bits (2 bytes)
byte 8 bits (1 byte)
short 16 bits (2 bytes)
int 32 bits (4 bytes)
long 64 bits (8 bytes)
float 32 bits (4 bytes)
double 64 bits (8 bytes)
Guaranteed to occupy same number of bits regardless of platform
unicode.org

4. Strings Java defines the String class to handle strings
A String is a collection of characters treated as a single unit
It is not an array of char variables
Multiple String constructors
String s1 = new String(“Hello World”);
String s2 = “Hello World”;

5. dataType variableName = (dataType) variableToConvert;
Type Casting
Assigning a value of one type to a variable of another type is known as Type Casting.
Syntax:
 dataType variableName = (dataType) variableToConvert;
Type casting are of two types they are
Implicit Casting (Widening)
Explicit Casting (Narrowing)

6. Implicit Casting in Java / Widening / Automatic type conversion
Automatic type conversion can happen if both type are compatible and target type is larger than source type.

7. Explicit Casting in Java / Narrowing
When you are assigning a larger type to a smaller type, then Explicit Casting is required.

8. standard default values
In Java, every variable has a default value. If we don’t initialize a variable when it is first created, Java provides default value to that variable type automatically as shown in below table
Data Type
Default Value (for fields)
byte
short
int
long 0L
float
0.0f
double
0.0d
char
‘u0000’
String (or any object)
null
boolean
false

9. Java – Operators and Expressions
The symbols which are used to perform logical and mathematical operations in a Java program are called Java operators.
These Java operators join individual constants and variables to form expressions.
Operators, functions, constants and variables are combined together to form expressions.
Consider the expression A + B * 5. where, +, * are operators, A, B  are variables, 5 is constant and A + B * 5 is an expression.

10. Types of operators:
Java language offers many types of operators. They are,
Arithmetic operators
Assignment operators
Relational operators
Logical operators
Bit wise operators
Conditional operators (ternary operators)
Increment/decrement operators
Special operators

11. Arithmetic Operators in Java:
Arithmetic operators are used to perform mathematical calculations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and modulus in Java programs.
S.no
Arithmetic Operators
Operation
Example 1 +
Addition
A+B 2 –
Subtraction
A-B 3 *
multiplication
A*B 4 /
Division
A/B 5 %
Modulus
A%B

12. Assignment Operators in Java
In Java programs, values for the variables are assigned using assignment operators.
Operators
Example
Explanation
Simple assignment operator =
sum = 10
10 is assigned to variable sum
Compound assignment operators +=
sum += 10
This is same as sum = sum + 10 -=
sum -= 10
This is same as sum = sum – 10 *=
sum *= 10
This is same as sum = sum * 10 /+
sum /= 10
This is same as sum = sum / 10 %=
sum %= 10
This is same as sum = sum % 10
&=
sum&=10
This is same as sum = sum & 10 ^=
sum ^= 10
This is same as sum = sum ^ 10

13. Relational operators in Java
Relational operators are used to find the relation between two variables. i.e. to compare the values of two variables in a Java program.
S.no
Operators
Example 
Description 1
>
x > y
x is greater than y 2
<
x < y
x is less than y 3
>=
x >= y
x is greater than or equal to y 4
<=
x <= y
x is less than or equal to y 5 ==
x == y
x is equal to y 6 !=
x != y
x is not equal to y

14. Logical operators in Java
These operators are used to perform logical operations on the given expressions. S. no
Operators
Name
Example
Description 1
&&
logical AND
(x>5)&&(y<5)
It returns true when both conditions are true 2 ||
logical OR
(x>=10)||(y>=10)
It returns true when at-least one of the condition is true 3 !
logical NOT
!((x>5)&&(y<5))
It reverses the state of the operand
“((x>5) && (y<5))”
If “((x>5) && (y<5))” is true, logical NOT operator makes it false

15. Bit wise operators in Java
These operators are used to perform bit operations. Decimal values are converted into binary values which are the sequence of bits and bit wise operators work on these bits. x y
 x|y
x & y
x ^ y
Operator_symbol
Operator_name
&
Bitwise_AND 1 |
Bitwise OR ~
Bitwise_NOT ^
XOR
<<
Left Shift
>>
Right Shift

16. Conditional or ternary operators in Java
Conditional operators return one value if condition is true and returns another value if condition is false.
This operator is also called as ternary operator.
Syntax     :        
(Condition? true_value: false_value);
Example:      
 (A >100  ?  0 :  1);
In above example, if A is greater than 100, 0 is returned else 1 is returned. This is equal to if else conditional statements.

17. Increment/decrement Operators in Java
Increment operators are used to increase the value of the variable by one and decrement operators are used to decrease the value of the variable by one in Java programs.
Syntax:
Increment operator:
++var_name; (or) var_name++; Decrement operator:
--var_name; (or) var_name--;

18. Difference between pre/post increment & decrement operators in Java:
S.no
Operator type
Operator
Description 1
Pre increment
++i
Value of i is incremented before assigning it to variable i. 2
Post–increment
i++
Value of i is incremented after assigning it to variable i. 3
Pre decrement
--i
Value of i is decremented before assigning it to variable i. 4
Post_decrement
i--
Value of i is decremented after assigning it to variable i.

19. Operator precedence & associativity
Java operators have two properties those are precedence and associativity.
Precedence is the priority order of an operator, if there are two or more operators in an expression then the operator of highest priority will be executed first then higher, and then high. For example, in expression * 5, multiplication (*) operator will be processed first and then addition. It's because multiplication has higher priority or precedence than addition.

20. Evaluation Order of an Expression
In Java when an expression is evaluated, there may be more than one operators involved in an expression. When more than one operator has to be evaluated in an expression Java interpreter has to decide which operator should be evaluated first. Java makes this decision on the basis of the precedence and the associativity of the operators.

21. Mathematical Functions
min(x,y)- Returns the minimum of the two values x and y
max(x,y)- Returns the maximum of the two values x and y
sqrt(x)- Returns the rounded positive square root of a value.
pow(x,y)- Returns the value of x raised to the power of y (xy).
exp(x)- Returns e raised to the power of x (ex).
round(x)- Returns the closest integer to the argument x.
abs(x)- returns the absolute value of x.

22. Decision making & looping
In decision control statements, group of statements are executed when condition is true.  If condition is false, then else part statements are executed.
There are 3 types of decision making control statements in Java language.
  if statements
  if else statements
  nested if statements

23. Decision control statements
Syntax
Description if
if (condition)  { Statements; }
In these type of statements, if condition is true, then respective block of code is executed.
if…else
if (condition)  { Statement1; Statement2; }  else  { Statement3; Statement4; }
In these type of statements, group of statements are executed when condition is true.  If condition is false, then else part statements are executed.
if else if ladder
if (condition1)
{ Statement1; } else_if(condition2)  { Statement2; }  else 
Statement 3;
If condition 1 is false, then condition 2 is checked and statements are executed if it is true. If condition 2 also gets failure, then else part is executed.

24. Loop control statements
      Loop control statements in Java are used to perform looping operations until the given condition is true. Control comes out of the loop statements once condition becomes false.
There are 3 types of loop control statements in Java language.
for
while
do-while

25. S.no
Loop Name
Syntax
Description 1
for
for (exp1; exp2; expr3) {
statements; }
Where, exp1 – variable initialization ( Example: i=0, j=2, k=3 ) exp2 – condition checking ( Example: i>5, j<3, k=3 ) exp3 – increment/decrement ( Example: ++i, j–, ++k ) 2
while
while (condition) {
where,  condition might be a>5, i<10 3
do while do {
}while (condition);
where, condition might be a>5, i<10

26. switch case statement in Java
Switch case statements are used to execute only specific case statements based on the switch expression. Below is the syntax for switch case statement.
switch (expression) { case label1:   
statements; break;
case label2:   
default:    }

27. break statement in Java
Break statement is used to terminate the while loops, switch case loops and for loops from the subsequent execution. Syntax: break;

28. Example program for break statement in Java:
 importjava.lang.*; import java.io.*;
class brstmt {
public static void main(String args[])
int i;
  for(i=0;i<10;i++)
if(i==5)
System.out.println(“\nComing out of for loop when i = 5”);
break; }
System.out.println(““+i);
Output:
0 1 2 3 4 Coming out of for loop when i = 5

29. Continue statement in Java
Continue statement is used to continue the next iteration of for loop, while loop and do-while loops.  So, the remaining statements are skipped within the loop for that particular iteration.
Syntax : continue;

30. Example program for continue statement in Java:
importjava.lang.*; import java.io.*;
class constmt {
public static void main(String args[])
int i;
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
if(i==5 || i==6)
System.out.println(“\n Skipping from display using continue statement \n”+i);
continue; }
System.out.println(““+i);
Output:
0 1 2 3 4
Skipping 5 from display using continue statement Skipping 6 from display using continue statement 7 8 9

31. The return statement in Java
The return statement is used to explicitly return from a method. That is, it causes program control to transfer back to the caller of the method.

32. Example program for return statement in Java
class ReturnStatement { public static void main(String arg[]) { boolean t = true; System.out.println("Before the return"); // LINE A if(t) return; // return to caller System.out.println("This won't execute"); // LINE B } }
OUTPUT
Before the return

33. Nested loops in Java
The placing of one loop inside the body of another loop is called nesting. When you "nest" two loops, the outer loop takes control of the number of complete repetitions of the inner loop. While all types of loops may be nested, the most commonly nested loops are for loops.

34. OUTPUT
0   0 0   1 0   2 1   0 1   1 1   2 2   0 2   1 2   2 3   0 3   1 3   2

35. Labeled Loops
According to nested loop, if we put break statement in inner loop, compiler will jump out from inner loop and continue the outer loop again. What if we need to jump out from the outer loop using break statement given inside inner loop? The answer is, we should define label along with colon(:) sign before loop.  

36. Syntax of Labelled loop

37. for-each version of the for loop
It is mainly used to traverse array or collection elements. The advantage of for-each loop is that it eliminates the possibility of programming error and makes the code more readable.
Syntax of for-each loop:
for(data_type variable : array or collection)
{ }  

38. Example of for-each version of the for loop
class ForEachExample1 { public static void main(String args[]) int arr[]={12,13,14,44}; for(int i:arr) System.out.println(i); } } }
Output: 12 13 14 44

39. Questions
Describe any two relational and any two logical operators in Java with simple example.
Write general syntax of any two decision making statements and also give its examples.
Write a program to check whether an entered number is prime or not.
Explain break and continue statements with example.
State syntax and describe working of ‘for each’ version of for loop with one example.
Define a class having one 3-digit number as a data member. Initialize and display reverse of that number.
Explain any four features of Java.
Describe ?: (Ternary operator) in Java with suitable example.
Explain any two bit-wise operators with example.
What is byte code? Explain any two tools available in JDK.
What is JVM? What is byte code?
‘?:’ what this operator is called ? Explain with suitable example.

40. Write a program to accept a number as command line argument and print the number is even or odd.
Define JDK. List the tools available in JDK explain any one in detail.
Explain: 1) Platform independence 2) Compiled and interpreted features of Java.
Write any four mathematical functions used in Java.
Write a program to find sum of digits of number.
What do mean by typecasting? When it is needed?
Write a program to generate Fibonacci series :
Write a program to print reverse of a number.
List eight data types available in java with their storage sizes in bytes.
Describe typecasting with one example.
What is meant by instance variable and static variable? Describe with example.