1. Section 15-1 How do we explain the diversity of life on Earth?
Evolution – How organisms change over time.
Current scientific facts, observations and hypotheses all combine to create current evolutionary theory – which is a well-supported, testable explanation of the biological diversity on Earth.

2. Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
Chapter 15
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution

3. Thursday, 1/29/15
Learning Target: Understand the work Darwin did and what shaped his thinking. Learning Outcome: Be able to explain how Darwin collected his evidence and the observations he made.

4. Darwin’s History Charles Darwin
Born on Feb. 12, 1809 (same day as Abraham Lincoln).
Came from a family of doctors so he was sent to the University of Edinburgh but found surgery disturbing so he dropped out.
His father then sent him to Christ’s College, Cambridge to become a Anglican minister. He was more interested in natural history and the sciences and worked closely with professors that allowed him to be outside doing “field work”.
Christ’s College, Cambridge

5. Voyage of the H.M.S. Beagle
Darwin was recommended to sail on the H.M.S. Beagle as a companion to the captain.
The voyage lasted 5 years and sailed around the world. Darwin eventually become the ship’s naturalist, collecting specimens wherever they went.
The most important place that influenced Darwin was the Galapagos Islands.

6. Darwin’s Observations – left him with questions
3 Main Observations
1. Patterns of Diversity –
Darwin noticed that species fit the environment where they lived.
But he was puzzled by where animals lived and didn’t live.
Question? No rabbits in Australia? No kangaroos in Argentina?

7. Darwin’s Observations
2. Living organisms and Fossils –
Darwin collected preserved remains of organisms called fossils.
Some fossils looked like current animals, others looked completely different.
Question: How were they related to living species?

8. Darwin’s Observations
3. Galapagos Islands –
Small islands located 1000km west of South America.
Even though the islands were close together they had very different climates.

9. Darwin’s Observations
Examples:
1. Tortoises – longer neck for sparse vegetation. Shorter neck where vegetation was more abundant.
2. Finches – Darwin noticed that these birds have different shaped beaks
Question? Why

10. Conclusions: The journey home
Nothing influenced Darwin more than his visit to the Galapagos Islands.
Darwin did not understand the reason for the diversity but he observed that many animals and plants varied noticeably among the different islands of the Galapagos.
He began to wonder if they had once been members of the same species.

11. Section15-2 Ideas that shaped Darwin’s Thinking
2 scientists formed important theories based on this evidence of the Earth’s age.
1. James Hutton 2. Charles Lyell

12. Hutton and Lyell Hutton – geologist
Geologic processes form slowly so Earth was much older than 2,000 years.
Lyell – geologist who wrote “Principles of Geology”
We must explain past events from what we see today. For example, earthquakes and volcanoes
Based on these geologists Darwin asked himself 2 questions.
1. If Earth could change, could life also change?
2. For life to change it must take many, many years which would only be possible if Earth was old.

13. Lamarck – use and disuse - 1809
Lamarack – said that use or disuse of “organs” caused organisms to gain or loose certain traits during their lifetimes and then they could pass them on to their offspring.
He used this to explain how a giraffe got a long neck – it stretched!

14. Thomas Malthus
Population Studies –Human population may be too much for the given resources.
This influenced Darwin because he realized it applied to all plants and animals…..not all offspring can survive…
What factor determines survival and death?

15. Friday, 1/30/15
Learning Target Understand what shaped Darwin’s thinking. Learning Outcome: Know the work of the following scientists: Wallace, Hutton, Lyell, LeMarck, and Malthus.

16. Monday, 2/2/15
Learning Target Understand Darwin’s case for Evolution. Learning Outcome: Describe how natural selection works including the struggle for existence, fitness and adaptations.

17. Warm Up
What place was most inflential in Darwin developing his theory.
What two scientists looked at the age of the Earth?
What scientist said that use or disuse was related to the gaining or losing of an organisms traits?

18. Section 15-3 Darwin Presents His Case
Darwin returned from the Galapagos and began writing about his discoveries.
He was troubled by what he saw and his understanding that species became modified so he shelved his manuscript and told his wife to publish it when he died.
But in 1858, another scientist (Alfred Wallace) started publishing results that were similar to Darwin so in 1859 Darwin decided to publish his results in a book called “On the Origin of Species.”

19. Variation – Artificial Selection
Darwin knew that variation was important….not unimportant defects.
His evidence was in farming and animal breeders of dogs and horses. Breeders choose traits they wanted and bred for them. We call this Artificial Selection.

20. Evolution by Natural Selection
Definitions:
1. struggle for existence – members of a species compete for resources
2. Fitness – ability to survive and reproduce
3. Adaptations – inherited characteristics that increase an organisms chance of survival.

21. Natural Selection – How it works!
Steps
1. Variation = organisms within a population differ
2. Organisms produce more offspring than can survive.
3. Organisms compete for limited resources.
4. Individuals best suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully and pass on their traits to offspring.

22. Natural Selection Example
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
Natural Selection Example

23. Warm Up What is the source of the variations in traits?
Would genetic engineering fall under natural selection or artificial selection? Why?

24. Wednesday, 2/4/15
Learning Target Understand Darwin’s 4 pieces of evidence he used to support his theory of evolution. Learning Outcome: Know the 4 pieces of evidence and complete the “Comparative Anatomy Activity”.

25. Evidence for Evolution
4 pieces of evidence
1. Fossil Record – transitional fossils show us intermediate stages.
Example: horse and camel

26. Evidence for Evolution
2. Geographic distribution – similar environments on different continents yielded similar anatomies and behavior because they were exposed to the same pressures of natural selection.
We call this convergent evolution.
Example: Flightless birds
Emu – Australia
Rhea – South America
Ostrich - Africa

27. Evidence for Evolution
3. Homologous structures –When organisms have the same structure that performs different functions. They come from the same embryonic tissue.
Example: front limbs of animals
Vestigial structure – being reduced or eliminated in size. Ex. wisdom teeth, appendix

28. Evidence of Evolution
4. Embryos – in the early stages of development, many vertebrates look similar