1. Tissue Healing
Pain

2. Objectives Understand key terminology related to pain and pain control
Utilize pain scales to help determine the severity of pain
Analyze various pain theories and methods of pain control

3. Terminology
Pain- a symptom or signal that warns of a problem within the body
Referred pain- pain that occurs away from site of injury/irritation
Endorphins- body’s natural painkillers that are released from the brain
Modality- therapeutic agent or tool that can enhance the healing process

4. Pain Is subjective Can be perceived based on:
Culture and social values
Prior experiences
Emotional and psychological state

5. Pain Types Acute Pain- pain lasting less than 6 months
Chronic Pain- pain lasting 6 months or more
Referred Pain- could be injury or illness
Trigger Point Pain- hypersensitive muscle fibers

6. Major goal of rehabilitation is to control pain to allow the best environment for tissue healing to occur!

7. How do we determine level of pain?
Pain Assessment
Intensity of pain
Effect on musculoskeletal function
Impact on emotional daily living
Pain Scales

8. Numeric and Visual Scales

9. Verbal Pain Scale

10. Pain Control Theories Gate Control Central Biasing Endorphin Release
Non-painful stimulus can block the pain message
Central Biasing
Brain determines pain through previous experiences, emotions, and sensory perception
Endorphin Release
Pain message transmission triggers endorphin release

11. What clinicians can do to control pain
Modality usage
Manual therapy
Medication
Psychological support
More cowbell?