1. A cAMP/PKA/Kinesin-1 Axis Promotes the Axonal Transport of Mitochondria in Aging Drosophila Neurons 
Alessio Vagnoni, Simon L. Bullock 
Current Biology 
Volume 28, Issue 8, Pages e4 (April 2018)
DOI: /j.cub
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2. Current Biology 2018 28, 1265-1272.e4DOI: (10.1016/j.cub.2018.02.048)
Copyright © 2018 The Author(s) Terms and Conditions

3. Figure 1
cAMP Boosts Mitochondrial Transport in Wing Neurons of Aged Flies
(A) Cartoon of the Drosophila wing. Green: sensory neurons used in this study. Magenta box: region imaged for transport studies, which contains bundled axons from several neurons.
(B) Top: stills from movies of GFP-labeled mitochondria in wing neuron axons of 30-day-old flies (“aged” flies) expressing UAS-luciferase (luc)RNAi (control) or UAS-dncRNAi. Bottom: traces of transported mitochondria in corresponding movies.
(C) Number of transported and total mitochondria per 50 μm of axonal tract in wings of aged flies. In these and other experiments, each wing was filmed for 3 min.
(D) Overview of 8-Br-cAMP feeding experiments. Green square: period of feeding. Microscope icon: visualization of mitochondrial transport.
(E) Top: stills from movies of GFP-labeled mitochondria in wing neuron axons of flies 32 days after eclosion following 4 days of feeding with vehicle or 8-Br-cAMP. Bottom: traces of transported mitochondria in corresponding movies.
(F and G) Number of transported and total mitochondria per 50 μm of axonal tract of wing neurons in aged (F) and young (G) flies after 4 days of feeding with vehicle or 8-Br-cAMP.
(H) Percentage of axonal segments of wing neurons in 5-week-old flies that contained focal accumulation of GFP after feeding throughout adulthood with vehicle or 8-Br-cAMP.
dpr-Gal4 is expressed in the chemosensory neurons of the wing. Statistical significance was evaluated with a Mann-Whitney U test (C, F, and G) or two-tailed Student’s t test (H). ∗p < Magenta circles are values for individual wings, except in (H), where they are values from individual Z projections from 13 wings per genotype; error bars are SEM. Scale bars, 5 μm. See also Figures S1 and S2, Movies S1 and S2, and Table S1.
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4. Figure 2
PKA-Induced Upregulation of Mitochondrial Transport in Wing Neurons of Aged Flies
(A) Overview of the procedure for heat-shock (hs)-mediated induction of PKA∗. Green square: period of heat shock. Microscope icon: visualization of mitochondrial transport.
(B) Top: stills from movies of GFP-labeled mitochondria in wing neuron axons of aged control and hs-PKA∗ flies that have been subjected to heat shock. Bottom: traces of transported mitochondria in corresponding movies.
(C and D) Number of transported and total mitochondria per 50 μm of axonal tract of wing neurons in aged (C) and young (D) control or hs-PKA∗ flies subjected to heat shock.
(E) Number of transported and total mitochondria per 50 μm of axonal tract of wing neurons of 2-day-old flies with expression of UAS-luciferaseRNAi or two independent UAS-Pka-C1RNAi constructs.
appl-Gal4 marks both the mechanosensory and chemosensory neurons in the wing nerve. Statistical significance was evaluated with a Mann-Whitney U test (C and D) or a one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparison (E). ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01. Magenta circles are values for individual wings; error bars are SEM. Scale bar, 5 μm. See also Figures S1 and S2, Movie S3, and Table S1.
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5. Figure 3
Overexpression of Activated PKAc in Aged Flies Upregulates Khc Protein and mRNA
(A) cAMP levels in wings of young (day 2) and aged (day 30) wild-type flies assessed by ELISA. Magenta circles are values per milliliter of extract (technical replicates from two independent experiments).
(B) Representative immunoblot for PKAc and mitochondrial complex-Vα (Vα) using wing extracts of young (day 2) and aged (day 30) wild-type flies. Vα signal indicates no global decline in protein levels during aging. Charts show quantification of normalized PKAc signal from three independent experiments.
(C) Percentage of DCVs that are transported in the axonal tract of wing neurons in heat-shocked control or hs-PKA∗ flies. Magenta circles are values for individual wings. DCVs were marked with rat prepro-atrial natriuretic factor peptide fused to the fluorescent protein Emerald (ANF::EMD).
(D) Representative immunoblot for Khc and Vα using wing extracts of young (day 2) and aged (day 30) wild-type flies. Chart shows quantification of normalized Khc signal from four independent experiments.
(E) Representative immunoblots for Khc using wing extracts of 32-day-old control or hs-PKA∗ flies following 4-day heat shock. Chart shows quantification of normalized Khc signal from three independent experiments.
(F) SYPRO Ruby-stained gel of wing extracts of 32-day-old heat-shocked control or hs-PKA∗ used in (E). Circles and arrowheads indicate, respectively, abundant proteins that are or are not responsive to PKA∗.
(G) Reverse-transcription digital droplet-PCR (RT-ddPCR) analysis of the relative abundance of mRNAs in wings of control and hs-PKA∗ 31-day-old flies subjected to heat shock for the preceding 24 hr. Magenta circles are values from individual technical replicates from two independent reverse-transcription reactions per genotype. Rp49 has been used as a “housekeeping” gene in RT-PCR experiments with wings [22]. Rap2L, , and eIF-1A mRNAs were previously detected in RT-PCR experiments in Drosophila heads [23]. Sgg/Gsk3β upregulates anterograde mitochondrial motility in mammalian neurons [20].
(H) RT-ddPCR analysis of the relative abundance of Khc mRNA in wings of 32-day-old control and hs-dCREB2-b flies following 4 days of heat shock. Magenta circles are values from individual technical replicates.
Statistical significance was evaluated with the Mann-Whitney U test. ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < Error bars are SEM. See also Figure S2 and Table S2.
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6. Figure 4
Khc Overexpression Is Sufficient to Increase Mitochondrial Transport in Aged Flies
(A) Representative immunoblots for Khc and Vα using wing extracts of 30-day-old wild-type or P[Khc+] flies. Chart shows quantification of normalized Khc signal from three independent experiments.
(B) Top: stills from movies of GFP-labeled mitochondria in wing neuron axons of aged (day 30) control and P[Khc+] flies. Bottom: traces of transported mitochondria in corresponding movies. Scale bar, 5 μm.
(C and D) Number of transported and total mitochondria per 50 μm of axonal tract of wing neurons in 30-day-old (C) and 2-day-old (D) control and P[Khc+] flies.
Statistical significance was evaluated with the Mann-Whitney U test. ∗∗p < Magenta squares: values for individual wings. Error bars are SEM. See also Figures S1 and S3, Movie S4, and Table S1.
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