1. Gender, Race, and Inequality

2. Part 1: Defining Wage Inequality

3. Overview Gender and Racial pay discriminate is real
The gender pay gap is far more complicated than direct discrimination
In every state in the U.S., men make more than women
Women of color are hurt the most by the pay gap

4. Comparing Women to White Men

5. Education and Gender Wage Inequality
Education Level
Median Annual Income for Women
Median Annual Income for Men
Ratio
Less than High School Diploma
$21,100
$28,600
73.8%
High School Diploma or Equivalent
$30,000
$40,000
75.0%
Some College
$34,800
$46,000
75.7%
Associate’s Degree
$50,000
80.0%
Bachelor’s Degree
$70,000
71.4%
Graduate or Professional Degree
$65,000
$94,000
69.1%
All Workers
Median Annual Earnings and the Gender Earnings Ratio for Full-Time, Year-Round Workers by Educational Attainment, Aged 25 and Older, 2013
Source: IWPR analysis of American Community Survey data (Integrated Public Use Microdata Series, Version 5.0).

6. Income Inequality by Race and Gender

7. Women’s Median Annual Income Men’s Median Annual Income
Ratio of Women’s Earnings to White Men’s Earnings
White
$40,000
$52,000
76.9%
Hispanic
$28,000
$30,900
53.8%
Black
$34,000
$37,500
65.4%
Asian/Pacific Islander
$46,000
$59,000
88.5%
Native American
$31,000
$37,000
59.6%
Other Race or Two or More Races
$38,000
$45,000
73.1%
Source: IWPR analysis of American Community Survey data (Integrated Public Use Microdata Series, Version 5.0).

9. Racial Pay Discrimination

10. Part II: Why Wage Inequalities Persist

11. What about women’s choice of employment?
Women make up a disproportionate amount of lower paid jobs.
A study from Cornell found that as women enter a field in greater numbers, the pay declines (see NYT article).

15. Implicit Bias
Defined: “the attitudes or stereotypes that affect our understanding, actions, and decisions in an unconscious manner” (Kirwan Institute, Ohio State University). 
Implicit biases can be about gender, race, or sexual orientation
Studies have shown implicit bias to be prevalent in most hiring processes.

16. Experiments on Implicit Bias in Hiring
In an experiment, a researcher sent about 5000 resumes to various jobs in Chicago and Boston
Systematically varied names on identical resumes between common white/African American names (see Bertrand and Mullainathan 2003)

17. Same Results with Gender Bias
Identical CV’s were sent out to a random sample of university faculty
Randomly switched the names between common male/female names.
See Steinpreis, Anders and Ritzke 1999

18. Social Factors behind the Gender Pay Gap
The perception of gender roles and norms
Social pressure and career/ major choice
Women carry out a disproportionate amount of “Unpaid” Work
Women are “penalized” on the job market for having children, Men are rewarded
See John Green’s video “Is the Gender Pay Gap Real?”

19. Part III: How to Address Inequalities
Mostly, Running for Office

20. Source: http://www. pewresearch

21. Source: