1. CHAPTER 8 Estimating with Confidence
8.2
Estimating a Population Proportion

2. Estimating a Population Proportion
STATE and CHECK the Random, 10%, and Large Counts conditions for constructing a confidence interval for a population proportion.
DETERMINE critical values for calculating a C % confidence interval for a population proportion using a table or technology.
CONSTRUCT and INTERPRET a confidence interval for a population proportion.
DETERMINE the sample size required to obtain a C % confidence interval for a population proportion with a specified margin of error.

3. Activity: The Beads
Your teacher has a container full of different colored beads. Your goal is to estimate the actual proportion of red beads in the container.
Form teams of 3 or 4 students.
Determine how to use a cup to get a simple random sample of beads from the container.
Each team is to collect one SRS of beads.
Determine a point estimate for the unknown population proportion.
Find a 95% confidence interval for the parameter p. Consider any conditions that are required for the methods you use.
Compare your results with the other teams in the class.

4. Conditions for Estimating p
Suppose one SRS of beads resulted in 107 red beads and 144 beads of another color. The point estimate for the unknown proportion p of red beads in the population would be How can we use this information to find a confidence interval for p?

5. Conditions for Estimating p
Before constructing a confidence interval for p, you should check some important conditions
Conditions for Constructing a Confidence Interval About a Proportion
Random: The data come from a well-designed random sample or randomized experiment.
10%: When sampling without replacement, check
that
• Large Counts: Both are at least 10.

6. Constructing a Confidence Interval for p
We can use the general formula from Section 8.1 to construct a confidence interval for an unknown population proportion p:
When the standard deviation of a statistic is estimated from data, the results is called the standard error of the statistic.

7. Finding a Critical Value
How do we find the critical value for our confidence interval? If the Large Counts condition is met, we can use a Normal curve. To find a level C confidence interval, we need to catch the central area C under the standard Normal curve.
To find a 95% confidence interval, we use a critical value of 2 based on the rule.
Using Table A or a calculator, we can get a more accurate critical value.
Note, the critical value z* is actually 1.96 for a 95% confidence level.

8. Example: Finding a Critical Value
Use Table A to find the critical value z* for an 80% confidence interval. Assume that the Large Counts condition is met.
Since we want to capture the central 80% of the standard Normal distribution, we leave out 20%, or 10% in each tail.
Search Table A to find the point z* with area 0.1 to its left.
The closest entry is z = – 1.28. z
.07
.08
.09
– 1.3
.0853
.0838
.0823
– 1.2
.1020
.1003
.0985
– 1.1
.1210
.1190
.1170
So, the critical value z* for an 80% confidence interval is z* = 1.28.

9. One-Sample z Interval for a Population Proportion
Once we find the critical value z*, our confidence interval for the population proportion p is
One-Sample z Interval for a Population Proportion
When the conditions are met, a C% confidence interval for the unknown proportion p is
where z* is the critical value for the standard Normal curve with
C% of its area between −z* and z*.

10. One-Sample z Interval for a Population Proportion
Suppose you took an SRS of beads from the container and got 107 red beads and 144 white beads. Calculate and interpret a 90% confidence interval for the proportion of red beads in the container. Your teacher claims 50% of the beads are red. Use your interval to comment on this claim. z
.03
.04
.05
– 1.7
.0418
.0409
.0401
– 1.6
.0516
.0505
.0495
– 1.5
.0630
.0618
.0606
We checked the conditions earlier.
Sample proportion = 107/251 = 0.426
For a 90% confidence level, z* = 1.645
We are 90% confident that the interval from to captures the true proportion of red beads in the container.
Since this interval gives a range of plausible values for p and since 0.5 is not contained in the interval, we have reason to doubt the claim.

11. The Four Step Process
We can use the familiar four-step process whenever a problem asks us to construct and interpret a confidence interval.
Confidence Intervals: A Four-Step Process
State: What parameter do you want to estimate, and at what confidence level?
Plan: Identify the appropriate inference method. Check conditions.
Do: If the conditions are met, perform calculations.
Conclude: Interpret your interval in the context of the problem.

12. Homework Review
33. a. Pop: 750 seniors Par: Proportion of seniors who will be attending prom b. 50 *10 = 500, more than 500 seniors 36 said yes, 14 said no, so Large Counts Condition satisfied c. (0.62, 0.82) d. We are 90% confident that the interval between 0.62 and 0.82 captures the true proportion of seniors who plan to attend prom
34. a. Pop: Undergraduates at a large university Par: Proportion of undergrads who would be willing to report cheating by other students b. 172 * 10 = 1720, since a large university, we can assume more than 1720 undergrads 19 said yes, 153 said no, so Large Counts Condition satisfied c. (0.05, 0.17) d. We are 99% confident that the interval between 0.05 and 0.17 captures the true proportion of students who would report cheating

13. Homework Review
35. a. (0.375, 0.407); We are 99% confident that the interval between and captures the true proportion of college students who are classified as binge drinkers b. Because 45% does not appear in our interval, we have reason to doubt this claim.
36. a. (0.456, 0.526); We are 95% confident that the interval between and captures the true proportion of teens who report texting with their friends every day. b. Because the value 45% does not appear in our interval, we have reason to doubt the claim

14. Homework Review
39. (0.119, 0.151); We are 99% confident that the interval between and captures the true proportion of students who had paid for coaching courses on the SAT. 40. (0.23, 0.27); We are 90% confident that the interval between 0.23 and 0.27 captures the true proportion of adults who are satisfied with how things are going

15. Choosing the Sample Size
In planning a study, we may want to choose a sample size that allows us to estimate a population proportion within a given margin of error.
The margin of error (ME) in the confidence interval for p is
z* is the standard Normal critical value for the level of confidence we want.

16. Choosing the Sample Size
In planning a study, we may want to choose a sample size that allows us to estimate a population proportion within a given margin of error.
Calculating a Confidence Interval
To determine the sample size n that will yield a level C confidence interval for a population proportion p with a maximum margin of error ME, solve the following inequality for n:

17. Example: Determining sample size
A company has received complaints about its customer service. The managers intend to hire a consultant to carry out a survey of customers. Before contacting the consultant, the company president wants some idea of the sample size that she will be required to pay for. One critical question is the degree of satisfaction with the company’s customer service, measured on a five-point scale.
The president wants to estimate the proportion p of customers who are satisfied (that is, who choose either “satisfied” or “very satisfied,” the two highest levels on the five-point scale).
She decides that she wants the estimate to be within 3% (0.03) at a 95% confidence level.
How large a sample is needed?
Try Exercise 39

18. Example: Determining sample size
Problem: Determine the sample size needed to estimate p within 0.03 with 95% confidence.
The critical value for 95% confidence is z* = 1.96.
We have no idea about the true proportion p of satisfied customers, so we decide to use p-hat = 0.5 as our guess.
Because the company president wants a margin of error of no more than 0.03, we need to solve the equation:
margin of error < 0.03
Try Exercise 39

19. Example: Determining sample size
Because the company president wants a margin of error of no more than 0.03, we need to solve the equation
Multiply both sides by square root n and divide both sides by 0.03.
Square both sides.
Try Exercise 39
We round up to 1068 respondents to ensure that the margin of error is no more than 3%.

20. Estimating a Population Proportion
STATE and CHECK the Random, 10%, and Large Counts conditions for constructing a confidence interval for a population proportion.
DETERMINE critical values for calculating a C % confidence interval for a population proportion using a table or technology.
CONSTRUCT and INTERPRET a confidence interval for a population proportion.
DETERMINE the sample size required to obtain a C % confidence interval for a population proportion with a specified margin of error.