1. Windows 10 and Windows Server 2016 Next Generation Networking
12/5/2018 7:18 AM
BRK3056
Windows 10 and Windows Server 2016 Next Generation Networking
Daniel Havey
Program Manager for Windows Transport
Andreas Hammarskjöld
Co-founder 2Pint Software
@andhammarskjold
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2. Content – latency matters much more than bandwith (Source: Google)
Increase Bandwidth
LEDBAT++
(*Debatable)
Big drop, then flatline
Content – latency matters much more than bandwith (Source: Google)
Lower Latency
All the rest
Continious gain

3. The Internet (very simplified diagram)
Internet Resource
Photo by Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported
Internet
ISP
User
Server
Farm
Access
Network
SLB
© Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

4. The Internet (very simplified diagram)
Internet Resource
Internet
Internet
ISP
Photo by Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported
User
Server
Farm
Access
Network
SLB
© Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

5. The Internet (Is a complicated place)
12/5/2018 7:18 AM
The Internet (Is a complicated place)
CDN
SLB
Internet
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
ISP
Server
Farm
Access
Network
SLB
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
End Users
& Devices
SLB
Cloud Services
© Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

6. The Internet (Is a complicated place)
12/5/2018 7:18 AM
The Internet (Is a complicated place)
CDN
ISP
SLB
Access
Network
Internet
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
ISP
Server
Farm
Access
Network
SLB
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
ISP
Access
Network
End Users
& Devices
SLB
Cloud Services
© Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

7. There are X billion devices connected to the Internet
12/5/2018 7:18 AM
There are X billion devices connected to the Internet
There are expected to be 75 billion connected devices by 2020
7:18 AM
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8. What is common on every device?
12/5/2018 7:18 AM
What is common on every device?
Physical Media
Every packet on the Internet
travels through these three layers
(Session, Transport, Network)
7:18 AM
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9. A user clicks on a URL. What happens?
12/5/2018 7:18 AM
A user clicks on a URL. What happens?
4) Retrieve URL resource (HTML)
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA
1) DNS Request
5) A typical web page might contain 30 or more resources
2) TCP Handshake
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
3) TLS Handshake
6) Repeat 1-4 until complete
7:18 AM
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10. The lifecycle of a TCP connection
12/5/2018 7:18 AM
The lifecycle of a TCP connection
TCP State Machine
Photo by Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported
1. Connection setup
Initialize connection resources
Connect faster!
2. Data Transfer
Find available capacity
Repair loss and reorder packets
Reduce latency and loss!
Photo by Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported
3. Connection Teardown
Collect any stray packets
Release connection resources
Teardown faster!
“ TCP State Machine” by Ivan Griffin under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
Photo by Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported
7:18 AM
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11. What do the users want? 7:18 AM Instant gratification.
They want their stuff and they want it now.
Reduce latency
End users
Better network utilization.
Better resource control
IT professionals
Better resource optimization
Meet SLAs
Data Center professionals
White paper on Ethernet NIC offloads and optimizations
Ignite 2016 Session that included network performance with 50Gb/s to a VM
Please see our other talks:
7:18 AM
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12. Synergy and the Windows Ecosystem Development Lifecycle
12/5/2018 7:18 AM
Synergy and the Windows Ecosystem Development Lifecycle
Microsoft Ecosystem
Apps (Edge, Office, etc)
3rd Party Industry
Partners
App development System Deployment
Deep Domain Knowledge and Subject Matter Expertise
Communication Channels
Apps
In depth topological and customer facing knowledge
Windows Platform Teams (US)
Internet Protocols
Releases
Windows Features
3rd Party Ecosystem
(You)
Flighting Builds
7:18 AM
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13. Contact and Communication
12/5/2018 7:18 AM
Contact and Communication
We want to connect with you
Here are some channels to facilitate that:
Windows Networking Blog
Alias
Facebook
Early Adopters Program (EAP)
Technology Adoption Program (TAP)
Ignite 2018?
7:18 AM
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14. Let’s get to the cool new features
Features for end users
HTTP/2
TCP Fast Open
Initial Congestion Window 10 (ICW10)
Fast connection teardown
Receive Window Autotuning Upgrade
Dead Gateway Detection (DGD)
Features for IT Professionals
Low Extra Delay Background Transport (LEDBAT++)
High Speed CUBIC Congestion Control Algorithm
TCP Stats API
RFC 6106 support
IPv6 Flow Labels
ISATAP and 6to4 disabled by default
Improved 464XLAT support
Improved diagnostics using Test-NetConnection
Features for Data Center Professionals
TCP Recent ACKnowledgement (RACK)
Tail Loss Probe (TLP)
7:18 AM

15. Features for End Users 7:18 AM 12/5/2018 7:18 AM
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16. HTTP/2 – Connections and Streams & Header Compression – Reduce Latency
Page
Complete
Edge (press F12)
Network dev tools
Stream multiplexing
Significantly Reduces Head of Line (HoL) blocking
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17. HTTP/2 – Connections and Streams Reduce Latency…
7:18 AM

18. Demo HTTP/2 Daniel Havey http://www.http2demo.io/ 12/5/2018 7:18 AM
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19. HTTP/2 – Connections and Streams Reduce Latency
With just HTTP/2 and no content rearrangement (de-sharding) we have seen:
10%-20% latency improvement at the 75th and 90th percentile
This is from a major service with multiple device types across PC and mobile
With content rearrangement we expect to see a LOT more improvement
7:18 AM
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20. HTTP/2 – Cipher Suite Negotiation Recommended Procedures
12/5/2018 7:18 AM
HTTP/2 – Cipher Suite Negotiation Recommended Procedures
Server selects most preferred cipher from its list which is also present on client’s list
HTTP/2 permits clients to reject connection if server selects certain prohibited cipher suites
Clients still offer these cipher suites for HTTP/1.1 servers
Client Hello (List of cipher suites)
Server Hello (Selected cipher suite)
List of cipher suites
Rule of thumb: Always put HTTP/2-compatible cipher suites higher on your preference list than HTTP/2-prohibited cipher suites (See KB )
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21. Immutable – Some things never change Reduce Latency
12/5/2018 7:18 AM
Immutable – Some things never change Reduce Latency
Caching speeds up the web tremendously
However, when the user clicks reload even cached items are reloaded (or at least checked for freshness)
Some sites particularly Facebook have images that will never change
The image version is embedded in the URL
Immutable cache item
Even if the user clicks refresh – Don’t reload the item and don’t check
for freshness
7:18 AM
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22. Immutable Caching Daniel Havey
12/5/2018 7:18 AM
Immutable Caching
Daniel Havey
7:18 AM
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23. TCP Fast Open and Connection Setup Reduce Latency
12/5/2018 7:18 AM
TCP Fast Open and Connection Setup Reduce Latency
DNS Query
DNS: 1 RTT to Name Server
DNS response
Pre-resolve
TCP SYN
TCP: 1 RTT
TCP SYN/ACK
TCP ACK
TCP Fast Open
Per HTTP Connection
HTTP/2
TLS 1.2: 1-2 RTTs
Change Cypher Spec, Finished
5077 Session Resumption, or False Start
Change Cypher Spec, Finished
HTTP Request
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24. Initial Congestion Window 10 (ICW10) Reduce Latency
ICW is the amount of data transferred in the 1st RTT
Most Internet Objects are smaller than 15 KB
ICW 10 is 3 times as fast for a 15 KB transfer
Data transferred per RTT
Time to transfer 15KB
ICW vs Latency Plot
RTT
ICW 4
ICW 10 1
4 (6KB)
10 (15 KB) 2
8 (12 KB)
20 (30 KB) 3
16 (24 KB)
40 (60 KB)
ICW
RTTs 4 3 10 1
7:18 AM

25. Receive Window Autotuning Upgrade More throughput
12/5/2018 7:18 AM
Receive Window Autotuning Upgrade More throughput
TCP Window size  determines how much throughput/latency
We have improved the Autotuning algorithm to get:
Greater throughput and less latency
Receive Buffer Limited Case:
———————————————————— Client connecting to , TCP port 5001 TCP window size: 208 KByte (default) ———————————————————— [ 3] local port connected with port 5001 [ ID] Interval Transfer Bandwidth [ 3] sec 512 KBytes 4.19 Mbits/sec [ 3] sec 1.50 MBytes 12.6 Mbits/sec [ 3] sec 1.50 MBytes 12.6 Mbits/sec
Autotuned Receive Buffer Case:
———————————————————— Client connecting to , TCP port 5001 TCP window size: 64.0 KByte (default) ———————————————————— [  3] local port connected with port 5001 [ ID] Interval       Transfer     Bandwidth [  3]  sec   768 KBytes  6.29 Mbits/sec [  3]  sec  11.8 MBytes  98.6 Mbits/sec [  3]  sec  18.0 MBytes   151 Mbits/sec [  3]  sec  18.0 MBytes   151 Mbits/sec
7:18 AM
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26. AutoTuning Demo
Daniel Havey
7:18 AM

27. 7:18 AM

28. Fast connection teardown
12/5/2018 7:18 AM
Fast connection teardown
TCP State Machine
TCP teardown takes <= 20 seconds
This is by design (RFC 793). For instance a migrating VM might need the TCP connections to stay open
In some cases this is unacceptably slow
Fast connection teardown causes TCP to instantly tear down connections for a fast transition
7:18 AM
© Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

29. Dead Gateway Detection (DGD)
12/5/2018 7:18 AM
Dead Gateway Detection (DGD)
Dead Gateway Signal
Intercontinental
3 - hop Satellite
Link – 4,000 ms RTT X X X
DGD Algorithm
Hmmm, a significant
percentage of connections through this gateway have not made forward progress! X
7:18 AM
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30. Features for IT Professionals (As well as end users)
7:18 AM

31. LEDBAT++ More resource control
12/5/2018 7:18 AM
LEDBAT++ More resource control
LEDBAT++ is a bandwidth scavenger algorithm
It finds unused bandwidth and uses it
It never interferes with other flows
Sensitive to traffic on other machines
LEDBAT++ Uses
Use LEDBAT++ for traffic that is important, but not urgent
Non-critical Windows OS updates
Database synchronization
7:18 AM
© Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

32. Some LEDBAT++ Math with Dr. Havey
12/5/2018 7:18 AM
Some LEDBAT++ Math with Dr. Havey
TCP Equilibrium:
𝑋∗ 𝑊 2 = 1 𝑊  𝑾= 𝟐 𝑿
LEDBAT will never take bandwidth from another flow
LEDBAT Equilibrium:
𝑋∗ 𝑊 2 = 1 𝐹∗𝑊  𝑾= 𝟐 𝑭∗𝑿
𝐹=𝑚𝑖𝑛 16, 𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑙 2∗ 𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝐼𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑦<𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑡
𝑊+=𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛
𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑒
𝑊=𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛−𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡∗𝑊∗ 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑡−1
LEDBAT is fast. It always reacts in exactly 1 RTT
* We are currently considering RANDZ
7:18 AM
© Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

33. LEDBAT++
Andreas Hammarskjöld
7:18 AM

34. Introduction to TCP Templates
As most cool things we work with, unknown
G/Set-NetTransportFilter
Congestion providers
It will apply template at connection startup
It will never switch during connection
Template

35. Congestion Providers -CongestionProvider<CongestionProvider>
Specifies the congestion provider property that TCP uses. The acceptable values for this parameter are: -- CTCP.
Compound TCP increases the receive window and amount of data sent. CTCP can improve throughput on higher latency connections. -- DCTCP.
Data Center TCP adjusts the TCP window based on network congestion feedback based on Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) signaling. DCTCP may improve throughput on low latency links. -- Default.
Servers use DCTCP by default. Client computers use NewReno. For information about NewReno, see RFC 3782 (

36. Working with TransportFilters
#view current filters
Get-NetTransportFilter
#change congestion provider for DataCenterCustom
Set-NetTCPSetting -SettingName "DataCenterCustom" -CongestionProvider LEDBAT
#Set the filter for a subnet
New-NetTransportFilter –SettingName DatacenterCustom –DestinationPrefix /16
#to configure IIS for port 80 and port 443
New-NetTransportFilter –SettingName DatacenterCustom -LocalPortStart 80 -LocalPortEnd 80 -RemotePortStart 0 -RemotePortEnd 65535
New-NetTransportFilter –SettingName DatacenterCustom -LocalPortStart 443 -LocalPortEnd 443 -RemotePortStart 0 -RemotePortEnd 65535

37. Demo: TCP Templates
Andreas Hammarskjöld

38. Why LEDBAT? The main goals
I hate bats…
Efficiently use available bandwidth
Keep the delay low on the network
Quickly yield to regular (non-LEDBaT) traffic
Protect your servers
Protect your WAN’s
Prioritize traffic

39. Without LEDBAT – Unused traffic
Unused bandwidth

40. Without LEDBAT – Competing Traffic
Kapowh!

41. With LEDBAT – No unused traffic, always yields

42. Slide explaining the setup
Windows Server 2016
LEDBAT++
HTTP Download Lowest Priority
Network A
/24
LEDBAT++
SMB Transfer
Windows Server 2016
No LEDBAT++
Network B
/24
Not LEDBAT++

43. LEDBAT in realtime
Using StifleR

44. Microsoft version aka. LEDBAT++
Windows LEDBAT++ is not RFC 6817
FC 6817 suffers from:
Clock SKU
Latecomer advantage
Inter-LEDBAT Fairness
Latency drift
RTT instead of one way delay
Stop and Start behavior
Now in Windows 10/WS2016
Inter-LEDBAT Fairy – now thats what I use!

45. LEDBAT – Difference in numbers
Regular
Throttling
13.5 GB
LEDBAT
37 GB

46. 12/5/2018 7:18 AM
Ok, I get it. But how do I sell this to my management that don’t understand anything about pretty much everything?
© 2014 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries.
The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

47. TCP Cubic – The Opposite of LEDBAT++
Cubic is for high speed long running flows
Faster
High Bandwidth
Low Bandwidth
New Reno (regular) TCP
Bandwidth
Bandwidth
Cubic TCP
Time
Time

48. 12/5/2018 7:18 AM
TCP Cubic – The Opposite of LEDBAT++ Faster data transfer (more throughput)
Uses for Cubic:
Long running urgent flows
Critical Windows OS updates
Security patches (WannaCry malware patch)
We want to be carefull of what we adopt:
We have a large footprint and carelessness could break the Internet
Cubic can be enabled today
Based on what we hear from you. We may enable it by default in
the future
7:18 AM
© Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

49. IPv4 to IPv6 transition technology timeline
12/5/2018 7:18 AM
IPv6 Readiness
Router Advertisement (RA) support - DNS configured by RA
IPv6 Flow labels - Set to a hash of the 5-tuple
464 XLAT
6to4
Supported on desktop and tablet
Disabled by default
Past
Future
ISATAP
The world is somewhere around here right now
IPv4 only
Internet
IPv6 only
Internet
IPv4 to IPv6 transition technology timeline
7:18 AM
© Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

50. 12/5/2018 7:18 AM
Improved Diagnostics
Test-NetConnection -ComputerName " -ConstrainInterface 5 -DiagnoseRouting -InformationLevel "Detailed“
ComputerName :
RemoteAddress :
ConstrainInterfaceIndex : 6
SelectedSourceAddress :
OutgoingInterfaceIndex : 6
SelectedNetRoute : DestinationPrefix: /0
NextHop:
DestinationAddressSelectionEvents : IP: Address pair (::ffff: , ::ffff: ) is preferred over
(::ffff: , ::ffff: ) by SortOptions: 0, Reason: Order Unchanged (No
Preference) (Rule S 10.0).
RouteSelectionEvents :
SourceAddressSelectionEvents :
RouteDiagnosticsSucceeded : True
7:18 AM
© Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

51. TCP Statistics API
Take TCP statistics for a selected set of connections
This is much more effiecient than the old method of taking stats on all connections and filtering out the ones that are not needed
New method – Collect stats only from flows of interest. Socket option, admin not required.
Old method – Collect stats from all flows and filter out the unwanted ones. Admin required
TCP Flows
TCP Stats
7:18 AM

52. Features for Data Center Pros (and IT Pros as well as Users)
7:18 AM

53. Tail Loss Probe and RACK Faster loss recovery (Reduce Latency)
12/5/2018 7:18 AM
Tail Loss Probe and RACK Faster loss recovery (Reduce Latency)
There are two ways to recover a lost packet
Retransmit TimeOut (RTO)
Fast Recovery
Tail Loss Probe converts RTOs into Fast Recovery
Packet Loss
Increases Latency
TLP Reduces Latency
Stop counting packets
Use time to detect loss instead
7:18 AM
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54. Single connection Performance
12/5/2018 7:18 AM
Single connection Performance
Windows Server version 1709 performance
Throughput:
Using software RSC 1709 can drive 26 Gbps on a single connection. WS 2016 could only drive 14 Gbps
CPU:
Average of 40% reduction in CPU usage for TCP send/receive when using large I/O sizes
UDP:
125% improvement in send and receive throughput for the most common I/O size (1200 bytes)
1,700% for 8K I/O size (not so common
7:18 AM
© Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

55. Call to action Move servers to Windows Server 2016 version 1709
12/5/2018 7:18 AM
Call to action
Move servers to Windows Server 2016 version 1709
Implement a peer-to-peer distribution technology
Sit back and relax & let Windows do the job
© 2014 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

56. Please evaluate this session
Tech Ready 15
12/5/2018
Please evaluate this session
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© 2012 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries.
The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.