1. Matter: Is anything that takes up space and has mass…You don’t even have to see it…even AIR is matter!
Matter

2. Quick Review
All matter is made up of tiny particles…atoms, molecules, ions.
Always attracting to one another
Always moving
How fast they attract or move depends on what “state” the material is in:
Solid
Liquids
Gas

3. Solids
Solid is matter with a DEFINITE shape and volume; doesn’t change shape or size when put into something else
DEMONSTRATION
The particles in solids still move. They vibrate while maintaining the objects constant shape and volume

4. Crystalline Solids
Some solids are arranged in a repeating, 3-D pattern called a Crystal
Example: Sodium Chloride or Salt; Diamonds; Sugar, Sand, Snow
The particles inside the crystal are arranged in the shape of a cube (salt) or like a pyramid (diamond)

5. Crystalline Solid

6. - Come together without forming crystals: rubber, plastic, glass
Amorphous Solids
- Come together without forming crystals: rubber, plastic, glass

7. Liquids Is matter that has definite volume but NOT definite shape
It’ll take the shape of whatever you put it in, but the AMOUNT (volume) won’t change - DEMO
The particles in liquids are a little more freedom, they glide past each other (has greater kinetic energy too)

8. Viscosity Not all liquids flow the same way….
Some liquids resist the Flow, while other flow easily, like water -> this is called viscosity
Example: Honey = High Viscosity (it fights the good fight); Water = Low Viscosity (it doesn’t mind the flow)

9. Surface Tension
Uneven forces action on the surface particles of a liquid
Attractive forces cause the particles on the surface to pull themselves together and resist being pushed apart; particles at the surface experience different forces than the particles at the center of the liquid
The surface tension causes the liquid to act as if a thin film were stretched across it’s surface

10. Gases

11. Gases
Most are invisible; Is matter that does not have a definite shape or volume
Particles are MUCH further apart; can move at HIGH speeds in all directions
Can expand or be compressed

12. Two More to Go! Plasmas Super hot & excited atoms
Bose-Einstein Condensate
Super hot & excited atoms
Similar to gases but it consists of ions, electrons and a nuclei which have lost their electrons
Forms at temperatures higher than 5000 C
Ex: Northern Lights, lightning, stars
This is a BRAND new one!
Super unexcited & super cold atoms (not even some trembling)
When you get an object to even colder than freezing point (absolute zero); its atoms begin to clump together
In this state the atoms actually become one blob!

13. Human-sized Review :o)

14. Changes in State: A Physical Change
Matter can change from one state to another when thermal energy is absorbed or released (Thermal Energy -> total kinetic and potential energy of all the particles in a matter)
A change in SIZE and SHAPE is a Physical Change
Let’s take a look: DEMO

15. Changes in State Melting Freezing
The change from the solid state to the liquid
As ice is heated, it ABSORBS thermal energy and its temperature rises
The temperature stops rising when the ice begins to change to a liquid
Melting Point
Water’s Melting Point
The change from liquid state to solid
As a liquid cools, it LOOSES thermal energy; the particles slow down and come closer together
Attractive forces trap particles and the crystals of a solid begin to form
Freezing Point
Water’s Freezing Point

16. Changes in State Vaporization Condensation
The change from a liquid to a gas
As liquid water is heated it’s temperature rises til 100 C at this point it changes to water vapor
The temperature of a substance does NOT change during vaporization
The substance ABSORBED thermal energy
Two Types: Boiling (below a liquid’s surface) or Evaporation (at the liquid’s surface)
As a gas cools, its particles slow down ; their attraction brings them together -> droplets of water form
As a gas condenses, thermal energy is RELEASED
Temperature of the substance does NOT change (until the transformation is complete)

17. Sublimation: From solid straight to gas!
Some solids can skip changing into a liquid and go straight to gas
The surface particles of some substances can gain enough energy to just become a gas
EX: Dry Ice (does not exist in liquid form)

18. Energy Transfers Ok, so atoms move and that = Kinetic Energy
We discussed that the amount of kinetic energy (atom movement) depends on the state that the matter is in…
Did you know that as matter changes from one state to another -> energy is transferred??
Thermal Energy -> total kinetic and potential energy of all the particles in a matter

19. Energy

20. It’s a Wrap! Visit http://www.chem4kids.com/files/matter_intro.html
- Read the site and take the Quiz for Extra Credit!!! Due next class.