1. EXPLAIN IT TO HOMER: CHEMIOSMOSIS DETAILS > DETAILS > DETAILS
DEFINITION: Chemiosmosis = Movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient
CONNECTION TO ATP PRODUCTION:
generation of ATP by the movement of hydrogen ions down a concentration gradient across a membrane during cellular respiration or photosynthesis
OR using a H+ gradient to provide the energy to add a phosphate group onto ADP to make ATP
OR using the kinetic energy of H+ ions moving through ATP synthase to phosphorylate ADP, making ATP.

2. EXPLAIN IT TO HOMER: DETAILS > DETAILS > DETAILS
Chemiosmosis:
WHERE FOUND ~ occurs in chloroplasts (photosynthesis) and mitochondria (Cellular respiration) ~ in some bacteria and archaea
WHERE ELECTRONS COME FROM? ~ Electrons are provided by high energy electron carriers (NADH or FADH2) in mitochondria OR Photosystem II (replaced by splitting H2O) in chloroplasts

3. LOCATION OF ETC? ~ electrons pass through a series of redox reactions along integral membrane proteins ~ electron transport proteins located in thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts OR cristae in mitochondria OR bacterial plasma membrane

4. H+ ion GRADIENT CREATED BY ETC ~ movement of electrons along ETC provides energy to pump H+ ions across membrane ~ ETC proteins = proton pumps actively move H+ ions low → high ~ matrix → intermembrane space in mitochondria OR stroma → thylakoid space in chloroplasts OR intracellular → extracellular in bacteria
~ H+ ions build up in intermembrane space OR thylakoid space OR outside bacterial cell ~ H+ ion gradient/proton gradient/ electrochemical gradient created = potential energy

5. H+ IONS ?
~ H+ ions want to move back across membrane (High → low) ~ ions can’t pass through hydrophobic tails in membrane without help of ion channel

6. ATP SYNTHASE ~ ATP synthase provides ion channel for H+ to pass through
~ H+ pass down gradient through ATP Synthase ~ flow of protons back through ATP synthase provides energy to phosphorylate ADP
LAST ELECTRON ACCEPTOR ~ last electron acceptor at end of ETC is NADP+ to make NADPH (photosynthesis) OR O2 to make H2O (cellular respiration)