1. Cover
Tissues By: Your Name
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2. Page 1 Table of Contents Epithelial Tissue – Page 2
Muscle Tissue – Page 30
Connective Tissue – Page 38
Nervous Tissue – Page 52
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3. Page 2
Epthelial Tissue
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4. Page 4
Simple epithelia
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5. Page 5
Picture: Simple Squamous
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6. Page 6 Simple squamous epithelium Funtion: Location: lymphatic vessels
Diffusion
Filtration
Secretion of serous fluid
Location:
lymphatic vessels
blood vessels
Heart
serous membranes in the ventral body cavity
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7. Figure 4.3a Epithelial tissues.
Simple squamous epithelium
Description: Single layer of
flattened cells with disc-shaped
central nuclei and sparse
cytoplasm; the simplest of the
epithelia.
Air sacs of
lung tissue
Nuclei of
squamous
epithelial
cells
Function: Allows materials to
pass by diffusion and filtration
in sites where protection is not
important; secretes lubricating
substances in serosae.
Location: Kidney glomeruli;
air sacs of lungs; lining of heart,
blood vessels, and lymphatic
vessels; lining of ventral body
cavity (serosae).
Photomicrograph: Simple squamous
epithelium forming part of the alveolar
(air sac) walls (140×).
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8. Page 7
Picture: Simple Cuboidal
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9. Page 8
Simple cuboidal epithelium Function: secretion absorption Location ducts of glands kidney tubules
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10. Figure 4.3b Epithelial tissues.
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Description: Single layer
of cubelike cells with large,
spherical central nuclei.
Simple
cuboidal
epithelial
cells
Nucleus
Function: Secretion and
absorption.
Basement
membrane
Location: Kidney tubules;
ducts and secretory portions
of small glands; ovary surface.
Connective
tissue
Photomicrograph: Simple cuboidal
epithelium in kidney tubules (430×).
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11. Page 9
Picture: Simple Columnar
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12. Page 10
Simple columnar epithelium Function absorption secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances Location: digestive tract Gallbladder ducts of some glands Bronchi uterine tubes
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13. Figure 4.3c Epithelial tissues.
Simple columnar epithelium
Description: Single layer of tall
cells with round to oval nuclei; many
cells bear microvilli, some bear cilia;
layer may contain mucus-secreting
unicellular glands (goblet cells).
Microvilli
Simple
columnar
epithelial
cell
Function: Absorption; secretion
of mucus, enzymes, and other
substances; ciliated type propels
mucus (or reproductive cells) by
ciliary action.
Mucus of
goblet cell
Location: Nonciliated type lines
most of the digestive tract (stomach
to rectum), gallbladder, and excretory
ducts of some glands; ciliated variety
lines small bronchi, uterine tubes,
and some regions of the uterus.
Photomicrograph: Simple columnar
epithelium of the small intestine mucosa
(640×).
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14. Page 11 Picture: Pseudostratified Columnar
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15. Page 12
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium “Pseudo” means false Function: Secretion of mucus movement of mucus via ciliary sweeping action Location: upper respiratory tract ducts of large glands tubules in testes
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16. Figure 4.3d Epithelial tissues.
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Description: Single layer of cells
of differing heights, some not
reaching the free surface; nuclei
seen at different levels; may
contain mucus-secreting cells and
bear cilia.
Goblet cell
(contains
mucus)
Cilia
Pseudo-
stratified
epithelial
layer
Function: Secrete substances,
particularly mucus; propulsion
of mucus by ciliary action.
Location: Nonciliated type in
males’ sperm-carrying ducts and
ducts of large glands; ciliated
variety lines the trachea, most of
the upper respiratory tract.
Basement
membrane
Photomicrograph: Pseudostratified ciliated
columnar epithelium lining the human trachea
(780×).
Trachea
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17. Page 14
Stratified Epithelia
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18. Page 15
Picture: Stratified Squamous
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19. Page 16 Stratified squamous epithelium Location:
Keratinized cells found in skin
Nonkeratinized cells found in inner linings
Function:
Protection
Withstand high wear and tear
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20. Figure 4.3e Epithelial tissues.
Stratified squamous epithelium
Description: Thick membrane
composed of several cell layers;
basal cells are cuboidal or columnar
and metabolically active; surface
cells are flattened (squamous); in the
keratinized type, the surface cells are
full of keratin and dead; basal cells
are active in mitosis and produce the
cells of the more superficial layers.
Stratified
squamous
epithelium
Nuclei
Basement
membrane
Function: Protects underlying
tissues in areas subjected to
abrasion.
Connective
tissue
Location: Nonkeratinized type forms
the moist linings of the esophagus,
mouth, and vagina; keratinized variety
forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry
membrane.
Photomicrograph: Stratified squamous
epithelium lining the esophagus (285×).
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21. Page 17
Picture: Stratified Cuboidal
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22. Page 18 Stratified cuboidal epithelium Quite rare Location:
sweat glands
mammary glands
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23. Page 19
Stratified Columnar
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24. Page 20 Stratified columnar epithelium
Also very limited distribution in body
Location:
Pharynx
Male Urethra
Lining of glandular ducts
Usually occurs at transition areas between two other types of epithelia
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25. Page 21
Picture: Transitional
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26. Page 22 Transitional epithelium Location Bladder Ureters Urethra
Function
cells to change shape when stretched
allows for increased flow of urine
allows for more storage in the bladder
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27. Figure 4.3f Epithelial tissues.
Transitional epithelium
Description: Resembles both
stratified squamous and
stratified cuboidal; basal cells
cuboidal or columnar; surface
cells dome shaped or
squamouslike, depending on
degree of organ stretch.
Transitional
epithelium
Function: Stretches readily,
permits stored urine to distend
urinary organ.
Basement
membrane
Connective
tissue
Location: Lines the ureters,
bladder, and part of the urethra.
Photomicrograph: Transitional epithelium
lining the bladder, relaxed state (360×); note
the bulbous, or rounded, appearance of the
cells at the surface; these cells flatten and
elongate when the bladder fills with urine.
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28. Page 24
Glandular Epithelia
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29. Page 25
Picture: Endocrine Gland
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30. Page 26 Endocrine glands Ductless glands Secrete: hormones
Secretions are released into surrounding interstitial fluid, which is picked up by circulatory system
Secrete:
hormones
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31. Page 27
Picture: Exocrine Gland
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32. Page 28 Exocrine glands Glands have ducts
Secretions are released onto body surfacesor into body cavities
Secrete:
mucus
sweat
oil
saliva
Can be:
Unicellular
Multicellular
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33. Page 30
Muscle Tissue
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34. Page 31
Picture: Skeletal Muscle
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35. Page 32 Skeletal Muscle Attached to and causes movement of bones
Skeletal muscles can be consciously controlled
i.e. Voluntary
Appear striated or banded
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36. Figure 4.9a Muscle tissues.
Skeletal muscle
Description: Long, cylindrical,
multinucleate cells; obvious
striations.
Part of
muscle
fiber (cell)
Function: Voluntary movement;
locomotion; manipulation of the
environment; facial expression;
voluntary control.
Nuclei
Location: In skeletal muscles
attached to bones or
occasionally to skin.
Striations
Photomicrograph: Skeletal muscle (440×).
Notice the obvious banding pattern and the
fact that these large cells are multinucleate.
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37. Page 33
Picture: Cardiac Muscle
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38. Page 34 Cardiac Muscle Found only in walls of heart Involuntary muscle
Like skeletal muscle, contains striations
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39. Figure 4.9b Muscle tissues.
Cardiac muscle
Description: Branching,
striated, generally uninucleate
cells that interdigitate at
specialized junctions
(intercalated discs).
Intercalated
discs
Function: As it contracts,
it propels blood into the
circulation; involuntary control.
Striations
Nucleus
Location: The walls of the
heart.
Photomicrograph: Cardiac muscle (475×);
notice the striations, branching of cells, and
the intercalated discs.
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40. Page 35
Picture: Smooth Muscle
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41. Page 36 Smooth Muscle Found mainly in walls of hollow organs
(other than heart)
Involuntary muscle
Has no visible striations
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42. Figure 4.9c Muscle tissues.
Smooth muscle
Description: Spindle-shaped
(elongated) cells with central
nuclei; no striations; cells
arranged closely to form sheets.
Nuclei
Function: Propels substances
or objects (foodstuffs, urine,
a baby) along internal
passageways; involuntary
control.
Location: Mostly in the walls
of hollow organs.
Smooth
muscle
cell
Photomicrograph: Sheet of smooth muscle
from the digestive tract (500×).
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43. Page 38
Connective Tissue
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44. Page 40
Connective Tissue Proper
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45. Page 41 Pictures: Areolar Tissue, Adipose Tissue and Reticular Tissue
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46. Page 42
CT Proper: Loose Areolar Supports and binds other tissues Universal packing material between tissues Adipose White Fat Functions in shock absorption, insulation and energy storage Brown Fat helps heat bloodstream Reticular acts as a support for blood cells
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47. Page 43 Pictures: Dense Regular, Dense Irregular and Elastic
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48. Page 44
CT Proper: Dense Dense Regular can withstand stretching closely packed bundles of collagen Dense Irregular same elements as regular forms sheets rather than bundles Elastic Some ligaments and arteries are very elastic
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49. Page 45 Pictures: Hyaline, Elastic and Fibrocartilage
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50. Page 46
Cartilage Hyaline most abundant. “gristle” found at tips of long bones, nose and between ribs Elastic more stretchy found in ears Fibrocartilage very strong found between vertebrae
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51. Page 47
Picture: Bone (Osseous Tissue)
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52. Page 48
Bone Also called Osseous Tissue Supports and protects body structures Stores fat and synthesizes blood cells Osteoblasts produce matrix Osteocytes maintain matrix Osteons: individual structural units
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53. Page 49
Picture: Blood
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54. Page 50
Blood Most atypical because its fluid Consists of cells surrounded by matrix (plasma) Red blood cells are most common Also contains white blood cells and platelets
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55. Page 52
Nervous Tissue
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56. Page 53
Picture: Nervous Tissue
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57. Page 54
Neurons specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses Neuroglia Supporting cells that support, insulate, and protect neurons
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