1. Smart Card Syed Jabbar Computer Science Course: 60-520
Prof. : Dr. Imran Ahmad
November 28, 2003

2. What is Smart Card? Smart Card Integrated Circuit Chip (ICC)
A Smart Card is a credit-card sized plastic card embedded with an Integrated Circuit Chip (ICC)
Integrated Circuit Chip (ICC)
Only a memory chip with non-programmable logic
A Microprocessor with Internal Memory

3. Smart Card History
1974
French journalist Roland Moreno filed the first patent in France in 1974
1982
Phone cards were tested in France in 1982
1984
ATM bank cards were successfully conducted
In Europe
On-line verification of transactions was very expensive because of the high cost of telecommunications
The Smart Card provided the verification off-line with security and low cost
In USA (1987)
First large-scale smart card application was implemented in USA in 1987

4. Why Use Smart Card Security Physical Protection:
It is not impossible to open a smart card physically and access data in it. But it is much harder than tampering a workstation.
Logical Protection:
- Provides on-card computing platform and memory storage which assures data security
- Most smart card operating systems provide Cryptographic Facilities which allows data encryption and decryption
Portability
Wallet size card, so it can be carried very easily separating from outside world

5. Where Use Smart Card Authentication Medical History, Student ID
Financial System
For storing sensitive information:
Credit Card, Bank Card
Physical Access and Transportation System
Door Opening, Mass Transit Environment
Communications
Public Telephone Card, Sim Card for cellular phone
Identification
For holding password through which a user is identified to a system for accessing and processing the information
Network System

6. Physical Structure
Specified by International Standards Organization (ISO 7816)
A smart card must be mm wide, mm height, and 0.76 mm thick
The ICC is embedded on a plastic card, and a thin gold plate printed circuit (contact) is embedded on top of that.
The communication between the chip and the Smart Card Reader is done through this printed circuit.
Printed Circuit
ICC
Plastic Card

7. Types of Integrated Circuit Chip
Memory Card
Simple memory storage device without any processing power
Logic Card
Memory card with additional security functions
Microprocessor Card
- With Embedded Microprocessor
- Smart enough to offer sophisticated processing power as a processor device that offers multiple functions

8. Communication Interface Type
Contact Card
Has a gold connector plate
Data is transferred by physically contacting with the plate
Credit Card, Debit Card
Contactless Card
Has an antenna coil embedded inside the card
Communicates by radio frequency technology
Parking Card
Contact Card
Contactless Card

9. Communication Interface Type (Cont.)
Hybrid Card
Has two separate chips – one with contact another with contactless interface
Combi Card
Has a single chip – with contact and contactless interface
Cheaper than Hybrid Card
Proximity Card
Contactless Card but read-only
Hybrid Card
Combi Card

10. Contents of ICC Memory Module Read Only Memory (ROM)
- Stores Operating System, Encryption Algorithms etc.
- Size between 8KB and 32KB
Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM (EEPROM) (Non Volatile Memory (NVM))
- Stores Business Applications
- Size around 64KB
Random Access Memory (RAM)
- Used for fast computation and response
- Size around 3KB

11. Contents of ICC (Cont.) Central Processing Unit (CPU)
- Between 8bit and 32 bit Microprocessor
- Uses the instruction set Motorola 6805, Intel 8051, Hitachi H8
Input/Output (I/O)
- Half-Duplex channel
- Communicates with reader as Master/Slave relationship

12. Smart Card Contacts Vcc – Power Connection (generally 5 volts)
RST – Reset, used for initiating
CLK – Clock Signal
RFU – Reserved for Future Use
GND – Ground Line
VPP – High Voltage Signal to program the EEPROM
I/O – Half-Duplex communication channel
RFU – Reserved for Future Use

13. Operating System
Functionality is not like Windows, Unix, DOS functionality
On-card commands to which the smart card responds
ISO 7816 describes a wide range of standard commands that smart card can implement
Most manufacturers offer cards with OS implementing some or all of these standard commands with or without manufacturer-specific extensions such as manufacturer identification number, serial number etc.

14. File Structure
Smart card file is a contiguous block of smart card memory module
Most smart card operating system supports file system based on ISO 7816 standard
Similar to MS-DOS and UNIX tree-structured hierarchical file system with one master file serving as root of the file system
The master file may contain several sub files

15. Smart Card Software Host Software
Runs on Interface Device (IFD) or Smart Card Reader
Usually written in the high-level languages such as – C, C++, Java, BASIC, COBOL, Pascal, or FORTRAN
Host software sends command to the card operating system that executes on card processor and returns the results
As many kinds of smart cards can be presented to the reader, the host software responses to the particular cards that included in the host software system

16. Smart Card Software (Cont.)
Runs on Smart Card itself
Classified as operating system, utility, and application software
Written in Assembly language
Written for customizing or extending existing software for particular application, or creating a new and unique custom-built smart card
It is time consuming and very expensive

17. Java Card Java Card was introduced in October, 1996
Accepts and runs programs written in high-level programming language - Java
Before Java Card the only way to write and load software on smart card was to do it by a smart card manufacturer which was very time consuming and expensive.
Although some smart card manufacturers used high-level languages such as C to create card software, the capability of using these tools to program was not passed to the card issuer or cardholder.
Allows developing smart card programming easily in affordable cost
Does not support all features of Java language, because of the size of smart card memory

18. Hacking Smart Card
All key information of smart card is stored in the EEPROM
EEPROM write operations can be affected by unusual voltages and temperatures
The information can be hacked by raising or dropping the supplied voltage to the EEPROM
Some chips use additional sensors that monitor characteristics of the power supplied to the chip and the programs lock the card when it detects any attack

19. Smart Card Life-Cycle
There are five main steps from smart card manufacturing to its end-of-life:
Step 1
ICC is created and tested by the manufacturer
A unique id - Fabrication Key (FK) is added to the ICC to protect the chip from fraud modification until next step
Step 2
ICC is mounted on the plastic card
Connection is made between ICC and printed circuit
After testing, the FK is replaced by the personalization key (PK)
Physical memory access instruction is disabled

20. Smart Card Life-Cycle (Cont.)
Now the card can be accessed only by logical memory addressing
Step 3
Data files and applications are written by Card Issuer
Stores card holder’s identity or PIN etc.
Step 4
Card’s application system and logical file access controls are activated for use
Accessing card information is limited by the application’s security policies

21. Smart Card Life-Cycle (Cont.)
Step 5
Done by the application by writing the invalidation lock to the file(s)
All the writing and updating operations are disabled by the operating system
The read instructions may remain active for analysis purposes OR
Blocks all PINS, so all the operations are blocked including reads

22. Current Development & Research
Biometric Feature
Some manufacturers offer smart cards which are verified with finger-print for authentication
Scanned by finger-print scanner (reader), Keyboard with built-in fingerprint sensor
Useful for E-commerce, Remote access etc.
Research
Research is going on to implement biometric technique which will provide on-card processing for authentication
Compares read finger-print with the finger-print template stored on card
If authentication fails, the card will not supply its secured information

23. Comparing with Magnetic & Optical Card
Smart Card
Magnetic Stripe Card
Optical Card
Read/write and processing technology
Read/write technology
Write once read many technology. Once data is written, it cannot be changed or removed
Medium to reasonably high data storage capabilities
Low to medium storage capabilities
Comparatively high data storage capabilities
Cost is higher than magnetic stripe card
Low cost
Almost same as Smart Card
Used for storing and transaction data with on card processing
Used for storing and transaction data
Used for storing data

24. Conclusion
Smart card is taking place in the environment where security and authentication is main concern. Inclusion of biometric feature in smart card provides added security.
Companies especially financial companies that use magnetic stripe cards, are moving towards using smart card for its security and multi-functionality.

25. Thank You

26. Questions ?