1. Types of Cellular Transport
high
low
Weeee!!!
Passive Transport
Cell DOES NOT USE energy
Simple Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Osmosis
Active Transport
Cell DOES USE energy
Protein Pumps
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
high
low
This is gonna be hard work!!

2. Types of Transport Osmosis Diffusion Active What moves ONLY Water
Molecules
Energy
Toward which side?
Example

3. No (Passive transport) Yes (Active transport; ATP)
Types of Transport
Osmosis
Diffusion
Active
What moves
Water
Molecules
Energy
No (Passive transport)
Yes (Active transport; ATP)
Toward which side?
Example

4. Types of Transport Osmosis Diffusion Active What moves Water Molecules
Energy
No (Passive)
Yes (Active)
Toward which side?
Water moves to the side w/ less water (and more solute)
Molecules move to side with less molecules
Molecules move to side with more molecules
Example

5. Osmosis Diffusion Active What moves Water Molecules Energy
No (Passive)
Yes (Active)
Toward which side?
Water moves to the side w/ less water (and more solute)
Molecules move to side with less molecules
Molecules move to side with more molecules
Example
Cell absorbing water (due to hypotonic solution)
O2 and CO2 (simple); glucose (facilitated-carrier); Ca2+ (facilitated-ion)
Cell pumping in more molecules (sodium-potassium pump); endo- and exocytosis

6. 3 types of Osmosis
Less water inside (and more solute) so water moves IN. 3.
Equal amounts inside and outside = “equilibrium” 2. 1.
Less water outside (and more solute) so water moves OUT.
Label types of osmosis

7. How Organisms Deal with Osmotic Pressure
Bacteria and plants have cell walls that prevent them from over- expanding. In plants the pressure exerted on the cell wall is called turgor pressure (plants prefer hypotonic environments).
Animals prefer isotonic environments

8. This includes all green plants, some bacteria, and some protists.
Autotrophs
Autotrophs are organisms that can make their own food.
These organisms use the __________ from the sun to produce food in the form of ______________.
light energy
glucose or sugar
This includes all green plants, some bacteria, and some protists.

9. Examples are all animals and all fungi.
Heterotrophs
These are organisms that cannot make their own food.
Examples are all animals and all fungi.
Heterotrophs must consume food. Heterotrophs eat plants or eat other animals that eat plants.

10. This is a complicated process so do not lose sight of the big picture:
The purpose of the light dependent reactions is to produce ATP and NADPH that are needed for the light independent reactions.
Water molecules are continuously _____. The ________ will accumulate inside the thylakoid. The ______ is released to the atmosphere.
split
hydrogen
oxygen
This takes place along the ________ membrane.
thylakoid
The light independent reactions pass electrons continuously from water to NADPH.
The two photosystems work together using the light energy from the sun to produce _____________.
ATP and NADPH

11. The purpose of the light reaction is to produce the high-energy compounds of ATP and NADPH which will be used in the light-independent reactions to make GLUCOSE

12. Where It All Happens Light-Dependent Reactions: Thylakoids
Light-Independent Reactions/Calvin Cycle/Dark Reactions = Stroma

13. To Sum It All Up:
The solar energy from the sun has been stored as chemical energy in glucose.

14. Stages of Cellular Respiration
Glucose
2 ATP
Glycolysis
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Fermentation
Krebs Cycle
2 ATP
+ 4 CO2
Lactic Acid
Fermentation
Alcoholic
Fermentation
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
32 ATP from ETC
+ H2O
2 ATP
2 CO2
2 Ethanols
2 ATP
2 Lactic Acids
TOTAL: 36 ATP

15. Glycolysis: Key Points
Glucose is broken into TWO molecules of pyruvate
Makes only TWO molecules of ATP
Makes TWO molecules of NADH
Most of the energy from glucose is still stored in the pyruvates, so off they go to the Krebs Cycle

16. Krebs Cycle: Key Points
Acetyl CoA is the input
TWO TURNS of the cycle are required to break down ONE molecule of glucose (since it was split into two pyruvates)
Also referred to as the “Citric Acid Cycle”
After TWO TURNS of the cycle, the result is: 4 molecules of CO2, 2 molecules of ATP, 6 molecules of NADH, and 2 molecules of FADH2
The cell needs more ATP! The electron carriers NADH and FADH2 travel to the ETC

17. Electron Transport Chain (ETC): Key Points
NADH and FADH2 are the electron carriers responsible for transporting electrons to the ETC
The energy released by the electrons as they travel through the ETC provides the power for pumping H+ ions from the matrix (low concentration) to the intermembrane space (high concentration)
As the H+ ions diffuse back down their gradient from the intermembrane space to the matrix (chemiosmosis), they pass through ATP Synthase, generating ATP
**Same concept as the ATP Synthase in photosynthesis**

18. Where It All Happens Glycolysis = Cytoplasm
Krebs Cycle = Mitochondrial matrix
ETC = Mitochondrial cristae (inner membrane)
Since fermentation (both lactic acid and alcoholic) involve ONLY glycolysis, fermentation takes place ONLY in the CYTOPLASM

19. To Sum It All Up: Cell Respiration
Cellular respiration is a metabolic process that breaks down glucose to release the energy (as ATP) in food
This ATP provides cells with the energy they need to carry out the activities of life.
C6H12O6+ 6O CO2 + 6H2O + 36ATP
Reactants: Glucose (C6H12O6), Oxygen (O2)
Products: Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Water (H2O), ATP .

20. Photosynthesis vs. Cellular Respiration
Gives off carbon dioxide
Takes in carbon dioxide
Plants
All organisms (whether aerobic and/or anaerobic)
Gives off oxygen
Involves carbon dioxide and oxygen (gas exchange)
Makes food (glucose)
Takes in oxygen
Sunlight
Makes energy (ATP)
Chloroplast
mitochondria

21. Photosynthesis vs. Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis: Plants use sun energy to make glucose (sugar)
6CO2 + 6H2O + Sun Energy  C6H12O6 + 6O2
carbon dioxide + water + sun  glucose + oxygen
Cellular Respiration: Organisms use glucose to make ATP energy
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP Energy
glucose + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water + ATP

22. Photosynthesis vs. Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are interdependent
The products of cellular respiration are the reactants in photosynthesis; conversely, the products of photosynthesis are reactants in cellular respiration

24. Aerobic vs. Anaerobic respiration
Definition
With oxygen
Without oxygen
How much ATP? 36 2
Example
Cellular Respiration (3 stages)
Fermentation (alcoholic and lactic acid; only glycolysis)