1. Solid waste management
By:-
Er. Mohd. Shahid Arshad
Assistant Professor

2. Content…
Solid Waste Management: Quantity, Composition and characteristics of solid waste, Methods of solid waste collection, conveyance, treatment and disposal.

3. In a nutshell “ Solid waste can be regarded as refuse or waste from any kind of source”. But any refuse or waste can be economic resource to others.

4. Basic terms related to solid waste
Ash : the non-combustible solid by-products of incineration or other burning process.
Bulky waste: large wastes such as appliances, furniture, and trees and branches, that cannot be handled by normal MSW processing methods.
Co-disposal: the disposal of different types of waste in one area of a landfill or dump. For instance, sewage sludges may be disposed of with regular solid wastes.

5. 4. Biodegradable material : any organic material that can be broken down by microorganisms into simpler, more stable com-pounds. Most organic wastes (e.g., food, paper) are biodegradable. 5. Compost : the material resulting from com posting. Compost, also called humus, is a soil conditioner and in some instances is used as a fertilizer. 6. Composting : biological decomposition of solid organic materials by bacteria, fungi, and other organisms into a soil-like product.

6. 7. Disposal : the final handling of solid waste, following collection, processing, or incineration. Disposal most often means placement of wastes in a dump or a landfill. 8. Environmental impact assessment (EIA) : an evaluation designed to identify and predict the impact of an action or a project on the environment and human health and well-being. Can include risk assessment as a component, along with economic and land use assessment.

7. 9. Environmental risk assessment (EnRA) : an evaluation of the interactions of agents, humans, and ecological resources. Comprised of human health risk assessment and ecological risk assessment, typically evaluating the probabilities and magnitudes of harm that could come from environmental contaminants.

8. 10. Garbage : in everyday usage, refuse in general
10. Garbage : in everyday usage, refuse in general. Some MSWM manuals use garbage to mean "food wastes," although this usage is not common. 11. Landfilling : the final disposal of solid waste by placing it in a controlled fashion in a place intended to be permanent. The Source Book uses this term for both controlled dumps and sanitary landfills.

9. 12. Leachate : liquid that has seeped through a landfill or a compost pile and has accumulated bacteria and other possibly harmful dissolved or suspended materials. 13. MSW : municipal solid waste. 14. MSWM : municipal solid waste management.

10. 15. Putrescible : subject to decomposition or decay
15. Putrescible : subject to decomposition or decay. Usually used in reference to food wastes and other organic wastes that decay quickly.
16. Refuse : all kinds of wastes in solid state excepting excreta from residential, commercial and industrial area.

11. 17. Refuse-derived fuel (RDF) : fuel produced from MSW that has undergone processing. Processing can include separation of recyclables and non-combustible materials, shredding, size reduction, and pelletizing.
18. Rubbish : a general term for solid waste. Sometimes used to exclude food wastes and ashes.

12. 19. Waste-to-energy (WTE) plant : a facility that uses solid waste materials (processed or raw) to produce energy. WTE plants include incinerators that produce steam for district heating or industrial use, or that generate electricity; they also include facilities that convert landfill gas to electricity.

13. Kinds of Wastes
Solid wastes: domestic, commercial and industrial wastes especially common as co-disposal of wastes
Examples: plastics, containers, bottles, cans, papers, scrap iron, and other trash
Liquid Wastes: wastes in liquid form
Examples: domestic washings, chemicals, oils, waste water from ponds, manufacturing industries and other sources

14. Classification of Wastes according to their Properties
Bio-degradable
can be degraded (paper, wood, fruits and others)
Non-biodegradable
cannot be degraded (plastics, bottles, old machines,
cans, containers and others)

15. Classification of Wastes according to their Effects on Human Health and the Environment
Hazardous wastes
waste that is reactive, toxic, corrosive, or otherwise dangerous to living things and/or the environment. Many industrial by-products are hazardous.
Non-hazardous
Substances safe to use commercially, industrially, agriculturally, or economically.

16. From where these comes???

17. Solid Waste in India 7.2 million tonnes of hazardous waste
One Sq km of additional landfill area every-year
Rs 1600 crore for treatment & disposal of these wastes
In addition to this industries discharge about 150 million tonnes of high volume low hazard waste every year, which is mostly dumped on open low lying land areas.
Source: Ministry of Environment & Forest

18. Growth of Solid Waste In India
In , population of Mumbai increased from 8.2 million to 12.3 million
During the same period, municipal solid waste has grown from 3200 tonnes to 5355 tonnes, an increase of 67%
Waste collection is very low for all Indian cities
City like Bangalore produces 2000 tonnes of waste per annum, the ever increasing waste has put pressure on hygienic condition of the city
Source: The Energy & Resources Institute, New Delhi

19. Estimated waste generation is 1,00,000 MT/day.
Per capita waste generation ranges between 0.20 to 0.60 kg.
Waste collection efficiency in bigger sized cities ranges from 70 to 90% and in small sized towns it is up to 50-60%.
Local authorities spend less 5% of their budget on waste disposal and maximum cost is incurred on street sweeping and collection and transportation of waste.

20. S.No
City
Municipal solid Waste (TPD)
Per capita waste (Kg/day) 1.
Ahmadabad
1,683
0.585 2.
Bangalore
2,000
0.484 3.
Bhopal
546
0.514 4.
Bombay
5,355
0.436 5.
Calcutta
3,692
0.383 6.
Coimbatore
350
0.429 7.
Delhi
4,000
0.475 8.
Hyderabad
1,566
0.382 9.
Indore
0.321 10
Jaipur
580
0.398 11
Kanpur
1,200
0.640 12
Kochi
347
0.518 13
Lucknow
1,010
0.623 14
Ludhiana
400
0.384 15
Madras
3,124
0.657 16
Madurai
370
0.392 17
Nagpur
443
0.273 18
Patna
330
0.360 19
Pune
700
0.312 20
Surat
900
0.600 21
Vadodara
0.389 22
Varanasi
412
0.400 23
Visakhapatnam
300

21. MAJOR DEFICIENCIES
Littering of garbage due to unorganized primary collection
Provision and operation of interim storage facilities unsatisfactory
Irregular garbage lifting
Transportation system not synchronize with storage facilities
Processing/ treatment of MSW not practiced
Final disposal through dumping and not SLF

22. Effects of waste if not managed wisely
Affects our health
Affects our socio-economic conditions
Affects our coastal and marine environment
Affects our climate

25. Composition of solid waste
The general composition of solid waste being generated from the cities of India is 40% Food & Garden waste, 5% glass & Ceramics, 3% Metal, 15% inert, 4% Plastic/ Rubber, 6 % Textile, 27 % Paper.
Total Organic Fraction - 40%, Combustible Fraction - 37%, Recyclables - 8%, Inert - 15%

26. Source: CPHEEO Manual on MSW, 2005

27. Characteristics of solid waste
Three types of characteristics:
Physical
Chemical and
Biological

28. Physical characteristics
This includes the determination of percent contents of various ingredients of the solid waste.
Bulk Density is generally calculated.
Function of location, season, storage time, equipment used, processing (compaction, shredding, etc.)
Used in volume calculations.

29. Chemical characteristics
Used primarily for combustion and waste to energy (WTE) calculations but can also be used to estimate biological and chemical behaviours.
Waste consists of combustible (i.e. paper) and non-combustible materials (i.e. glass).

30. Proximate Analysis
Loss of moisture (temp held at 105 C)
Volatile Combustible Matter (VCM) (temp increased to 950 C, closed crucible)
Fixed Carbon (residue from VCM)
Ash (temp = 950C, open crucible)
Fusing Point of Ash
Clinker (agglomerations of carbon and metals) formation temperature, 2000 to 2200 F
Ultimate Analysis
Molecular composition (C, H, N, O, P, etc.)
Energy Content
Determined through lab calculations using calorimeters

31. Biological characteristics
Biodegradability
Organic fraction often equated with the volatile solids (VS) content of the waste
However, not all organic materials are easily degradable
Biodegradable fraction -
Degradation produces odours
Hydrogen sulfide, H2S (rotten eggs)
Methyl mercaptans
Aminobutyric acid
Methane is odourless.
Attracts flies, vermin, rodents (vectors)

32. Solid waste collection and transport
Factors considered:
i) Types of Containers:
Depend on:
characteristics of SW collected
E.g. Large storage containers (Domestic SW: flats/apartment)
Containers at curbs
Large containers on a roller (Commercial/Industrial)
Collection frequency
Space available for the placement of containers

33. - Residential; refuse bags (7 -10 litres)
- Rubbish bins litres
- Large mechanical containers - more commonly used to cut costs (reduce labor, time , & collection costs)
- must be standardized to suit collection equipment.

34. - special enclosures (apartment/condos)
ii) Container Locations:
- side/rear of house
- alleys
- special enclosures (apartment/condos)
Basement (apts. in foreign countries)/ newer complexes
iii) Public Health:
relates to on-time collection to avoid the spread of diseases by vectors, etc.
iv) Aesthetics:
- must be pleasing to the eye (containers must be clean, shielded from public’s view).

35. v) Collection of SW - 60-80 percent of total SWM costs.
- Malaysia (other developing nations) - labor and capital intensive.
- Major problems:
Poor building layouts.
Road congestion - time cost, leachate, transport costs.
Physical infrastructure
Old containers used (leaky/ damaged)
Absence of systematic methods (especially at apartments, markets with large wst. volume).

36. Collections were made by:
Municipal/ District Council
Private firm under contract to municipal
Private firm contract with private residents

38. FREQUENCY OF COLLECTION
Accumulated waste in the premises must be removed at specific frequency depending on size of container and composition of waste.
Municipal agencies are responsible for collection of waste.
Waste consists of organics, recyclables such as paper, plastic, glass etc. and non-decomposable.

39. FREQUENCY OF COLLECTION
If the material with high organic and moisture content from residential areas is not collected for a long time it tends to degrade quickly at the higher ambient temperatures encountered in India.
Further, the fly eggs deposited in such material hatch within 1 day and the larvae will feed on the waste for 5 days before pupation which takes 3 more days.
It is therefore desirable that the waste is removed as quickly as possible and at least once in 5-6 days to ensure that the flies do not emerge out of the deposited eggs.
It is essential to remove the waste atleast twice or thrice a week.

40. SERVICE STANDARDS FOR SOLID WASTE COLLECTION:
TYPE OF LOCALITY
FREQUENCY
Class I Cities Class II Cities Population > 1lakh Population-50,000 to 99,999
Residential Areas
Area with high population density.
Area with medium population density.
High income area.
Area with low population density.
Markets
Commercial Areas
Industrial Areas
Once or twice a day Once day
Once or twice a day Once in two days
Once or twice a day Once a day
Once in two days Once in three days
Once or twice a day Once or twice a day
Twice a day Once a day Once a day Once a day

41. HOUSE TO HOUSE COLLECTION:
Refuse generated and stored in individual premises is collected by several methods such as:
Curb service
Alley service
Set-out, set-back service
Set-out service
Backyard service

42. CURB SERVICE:
Refuse container is placed at the curb on scheduled day by house owner.
Workmen collect and empty in the collection vehicle and place them back at the curb.
House owner take the container back to their house.

43. CURB SERVICE ROAD ALLEY 7 ALLEY ALLEY ROAD VEHICLE WASTE STORAGE HOUSE
NO. 1 2 3 4
WASTE
STORAGE
ALLEY 7 5 6 8
ALLEY
ALLEY
ROAD
CURB SERVICE

44. SET-OUT, SET-BACK SERVICE:
Set-out men go to individual houses.
Collect and empty the container in solid waste collection vehicle.
Another group of persons return them to house owner’s yard.
Workmen collects the solid waste container, empty them in the collection vehicle.
House owner take back the empty container.
SET-OUT SERVICE:

45. SET-OUT, SET-BACK SERVICE
VEHICLE
HOUSE
NO. 1 2 3 4
SET-OUT MEN
ALLEY 7 5 6 8
ALLEY
SET-IN MEN
ROAD
SET-OUT, SET-BACK SERVICE

46. COMMUNITY BIN SYSTEM: Bins are located at street corners.
Waste is brought and deposited in the bins.
Capacity of community bins
-at least 50%, for daily collection &
-100%, for alternative days.
Distance of containers should not be more than 100m.

47. BELL RINGING SYSTEM:
Collection vehicle is provide with a bell and rung at specified points.
Residents from adjoining areas come to the vehicle and deposit the waste.
Sometimes the bell is used as a informing system for the residents.

48. STREET CLEANSING:
Street waste comprises of- i)Natural waste. ii)Traffic waste. iii)Behavioural waste.
Manual sweeping is carried out with short/long handled brooms.
Work is carried out in pairs- one person (commonly female) sweeping the road and other collecting the swept material in a handcart.
Two shifts- 6am to 12pm and 2nd from 3pm to 5pm.

49. Backyard service
The workers with the vehicles carry a bin, wheel – barrow or sack or cloth to the yard and empty the solid waste container in it.
The bin is taken to solid waste vehicles where it is emptied.

53. TRANSFER OF COLLECTED WASTE
The waste collected after sweeping must be transferred to the community bin and thereafter to the waste transport vehicle.
Transfer of waste to community bins is commonly made by using cane or plastic baskets.
If these are to be directly taken to the community bin, it is time consuming and leads to reduced productivity of the workers.
Handcarts of suitable design and capacity improve the productivity and should be so designed as to enable transport of large quantities of the low density municipal solid waste.

54. TRANSFER OF COLLECTED WASTE
Handcarts usually deposit their contents by the side of the bin from where it is lifted and deposited into the bin.
If the handcart contains a number of containers these can be directly emptied into the bin thereby reducing the number of handling steps.
The waste from the bin is often manually lifted and transferred by head loads to the vehicle.
If the bin can be directly taken away on the vehicle chassis, the handling steps will be reduced.

55. TRANSFER OF COLLECTED WASTE
When the rim of the sideflap of the vehicles is higher than 1.6 m, a sweeper must be stationed inside the vehicle to collect the basket from the worker standing on the road and deposit it inside the vehicle.
This exposes the workers to increased risk of transfer of infection.
The present system of collection is labour intensive and neither standardized work norms nor appropriate equipment and methods are used, the productivity of the workers is less than the desirable value of kg/day/worker.

56. CITIZEN’s PARTICIPATION
For efficient collection of the solid waste active participation citizens is essential.
Presently this is lacking and needs to be improved.
It is desirable to create awareness in the citizens mind of the need to actively participate in then efforts to maintain a clean environment.
Citizen should be made aware of the ill effects of unclean environment on their physical health as well as economic health by citing the example, of Surat when due to the plague epidemic of 1994, in addition to the health effects, the diamond industry as well as the tourism and the image of the city suffered resulting in tremendous loss.

57. CITIZEN’s PARTICIPATION
The need for the active participation of the citizens and the benefits that accrue to them in terms of aesthetic, environmental and health benefits should be stressed.
It should be impressed on them that in addition to the municipal authorities it is equally their responsibility to maintain a clean environment.
They should be made aware of the vital role of source separation in improving collection and disposal.
The importance of 3 R’s- Reducing, Recycling and
Reusing the waste should be impressed on them
by conducting various campaigns.
RECYCLE SYMBOL

58. CITIZEN’s PARTICIPATION
Creating awareness is the first step towards changing of habits.
Once the habits are changed, a sustained campaign involving government agencies, NGOs, CBOs will help maintain a clean environment.
Advertisements and messages in the form of catchy slogan will help create awareness among adults.
Short films, skits and cartoon film on TV. can be arranged. Messages can be included on hoardings, stickers, posters, on products such as milk pouches etc.

59. CITIZEN’s PARTICIPATION
These forums should be created in every individual ward and decisions regarding the location of community bins, the frequency of cleansing and such related matters should be taken in consultation with the forums.
Besides taking their help in decision making, a continuous dialogue should be maintained at these meetings so that the complaints of the residents reach appropriate municipal authorities and are expeditiously resolved.
A review of the action taken on past complaints will ensure that satisfactory solutions are found.
Whenever the clean area contests are held the benefits should be extended to the winning ward as also to the municipal workers in that ward so that they continue to feel involved and take pride in their work.

60. ROLE OF NGOs
It is desirable to involve NGOs and CBOs who will work as catalytic elements and improve the collection efficiency resulting in improved environment.
The NGOs in Bangalore, Chennai and Mumbai etc. are known to play a very important role by working with the citizens and the unorganized waste pickers to ensure a clean environment.
Some Resident Welfare Associations have also taken initiative and arranged collection of waste from premises through hired workers or waste pickers and arranging the recycling and proper disposal of the waste.
Various NGOs in their efforts to prove the literacy level, working environment and financial condition of the waste pickers have organized them, provided them an identity, and with the co-operation of the residents arrange collection of waste from individual premises by the waste pickers.

61. ROLE OF NGOs
The NGOs convince the residents of the need to separate recyclables from non recyclables and in some cases even provide the residents with bags (provided free by companies who print their advertisement on the bag) for this purpose.
The waste pickers collect the waste from individual premises and as the waste is presorted sell the recyclables at better price and thus are able to provide their services at a nominal fee.
The NGOs receive the fee from residents, arrange vermi composting of organics and sell the product.
The money so obtained is used for providing the implements, uniform and pay to the workers/waste pickers.

62. Treatment and disposal of solid waste
Several methods are used for treatment and disposal. These are:
Composting
Incineration
Landfilling
Pyrolysis
Recycling

64. Composting
It is a process in which organic matter of solid waste is decomposed and converted to humus and mineral compounds.
Compost is the end product of composting, which used as fertilizer.
Three methods of composting:
(a) composting by trenching
(b) open windrow composting
(c) mechanical composting

65. Composting by trenching
Trenches m long, 2 – 3 m wide and 1- 2 m deep with spacing 2 m.
Dry wastes are filled up in 15 cm. On top of each layer 5 cm thick sandwiching layer of animal dung is sprayed in semi liquid form.
Biological action starts in 2- 3 days and decomposition starts.
Solid waste stabilize in 4- 6 months and changed into brown colored odorless powdery form known as humus.

67. Open windrow composting
Large materials like broken glass, stone, plastic articles are removed.
Remaining solid wastes is dumped on ground in form of piles of 0.6 – 1 m height.
The width and length of piles are kept 1- 2 m and 6 m respectively.
Moisture content maintained at 60%.
Temp. increases in side pile.
After pile for turned for cooling and aeration to avoid anaerobic decomposition.
The complete process may take 4- 6 week.

69. Mechanical composting
It requires small area compare to trenching and open windrow composting.
The stabilization of waste takes 3- 6 days.
The operation involved are
reception of refuse
segregation
shredding
stabilization
marketing the humus

71. Incineration
Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of organic substances contained in waste materials. 
Incineration and other high temperature waste treatment systems are described as "thermal treatment".
Incineration of waste materials converts the waste into ash, flue gas, and heat.
Incinerators are used for this process.

73. Important points regarding incineration
Supplying of solid waste should be continuous.
Waste should be proper mixed with fuel for complete combustion.
Temp. should not less than 670 ˚C.

74. Advantages
Most hygienic method.
Complete destruction of pathogens.
No odor trouble.
Heat generated may be used for steam power.
Clinkers produced may be used for road construction.
Less space required.
Adverse weather condition has no effect.

75. Disadvantages
Large initial expense.
Care and attention required otherwise incomplete combustion will increase air pollution.
Residues required to be disposed which require money.
Large no of vehicles required for transportation.

76. Landfilling
A landfill site is a site for the disposal of waste materials by burial and is the oldest form of waste treatment.
Historically, landfills have been the most common methods of organized waste disposal and remain so in many places around the world.
The dumping is done with layers of 1- 2 m.
The layer is covered with soil of 20 cm thickness.

78. Advantages
Simple method.
No costly plant required.
No residues or by products need to be disposed.
Separation not required.
Unused land can be used.
Methane gas can be used ass fuel.

79. Disadvantages
Large land required.
Proper dumping site may not be available.
Odor problem.
Use of insecticides required.
Leachate should be collected regularly.
Methane gas should be collected properly.
Green house gas problem.

80. Pyrolysis
Heating of the solid waste at very high temp. in absence of air.
Carried out at temp. between 500 ˚C – 1000 ˚C.
Gas, liquid and chars are the by products.

82. Recycling Recycling is processing used materials into new products .
It reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials, reduce energy usage, reduce air pollution (from incineration) and water pollution (from landfilling).
Recycling is a key component of modern waste reduction and is the third component of the "Reduce, Reuse, Recycle" waste hierarchy.

83. Recyclable materials include many kinds of glass, paper, metal, plastic, textiles, and electronics.
Although similar in effect, the composting or other reuse of biodegradable waste – such as food or garden waste – is not typically considered recycling.
Materials to be recycled are either brought to a collection centre or picked up from the curbside, then sorted, cleaned, and reprocessed into new materials.

85. Thank u …