1. Reaction, Revolution, and Romanticism, 1815 - 1850
Chapter 21
Reaction, Revolution, and Romanticism,

2. The Conservative Order: Conservative Domination:
Conservative ideology
From Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution of France
Obedience to political authority
Organized religion was crucial to social order
Hated revolutionary upheavals
Unwilling to accept liberal demands or representative government
The Concert of Europe
Met several times: congresses
Quintuple Alliance
Principle of intervention
Outbreak of revolution in Spain and Italy

3. Europe after the Congress of Vienna
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4. Latin American, Greek Revolts
Revolt in Latin America
Bourbon monarchy of Spain toppled
Latin American countries begin declaring independence
Simón Bolivar ( )
José de San Martín ( )
Britain began to dominate Latin American economy
The Greek Revolt,
Intervention could support revolution as well
Greek revolt in, 1820
Britain, France, Russia at war
Treaty of Adrianople, 1829

5. Latin America in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century
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6. Conservatives in the European States
Great Britain: Rule of the Tories
Landowning classes dominate Parliament
Tory and Whig factions; Tories dominate
Restoration of France
Intervention in the Italian States and Spain
Central Europe, the German Confederation
Austrian Empire
Russia
Rural, agricultural, and autocratic
Alexander I ( )
Nicholas I ( )

7. The Balkans by 1830
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8. Ideologies of Change Liberalism Nationalism
Economic liberalism (classical economics)
Laissez-faire
Political liberalism
Ideology of political liberalism
David Ricardo ( ),
John Stuart Mill, On Liberty
Supported Women’s rights
On the Subjection of Women
Nationalism
Part of a community with common institutions, traditions, language, and customs
The community is called a “nation”
Nationalist ideology
Allied with liberalism

9. Ideologies of Change, cont.
Early Socialism
Early socialism (utopian societies)
Robert Owen ( )
New Lanark, Scotland
New Harmony, Indiana
Frances Wright, Nashoba, Tennessee

10. The Distribution of Language in Nineteenth-Century Europe
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11. Revolution and Reform, 1830-1850
The Revolutions of 1830
Charles X ( )
Revolt by liberals
Louis-Philippe ( )
The bourgeois monarch
Constitutional changes favor the upper bourgeoisie
Roll of nationalism
Austrian Netherlands given to Dutch Republic
Revolt by the Belgians
Revolt attempts in Poland and Italy
Revolts led to reform in Britain

12. The Revolutions of 1848 Another French Revolution
Scandals, graft, corruption, and failure to initiate reform
Louis-Philippe abdicates, February 24, 1848 
Provisional government established
Elections to be by universal manhood suffrage
National workshops
Growing split between moderate and liberal republicans
Second Republic established
Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte was elected in December, 1848

13. Revolution in Central Europe
French revolts led to promises of reform
Frederick William IV ( )
Frankfurt Assembly
Austrian Empire
Louis Kossuth, Hungary
Metternich flees the country
Hungary’s wishes granted
Concessions will led to greater demands
Francis Joseph I ( )

14. Revolts in the Italian States
Giuseppe Mazzini ( )
Young Italy, 1831
Goal: a united Italy
Cristina Belgioioso ( )
1848 revolutions
Rebellions began in Sicily
Rulers promised reforms
Charles Albert ( ) calls for war against Austria
Revolutions ended in failure

15. Growth of the United States
The American Constitution contained forces of liberalism and nationalism
Alexander Hamilton ( ), Federalist
Thomas Jefferson ( ), Republican
Effects of War of 1812
John Marshall ( )
Andrew Jackson ( ), Democracy 

16. The Characteristics of Romanticism
Emotion, sentiment, and inner feelings
Tragic figure
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe ( ),
The Sorrows of the Young Werther
Individualism
Interest in the past
Grimm Brothers
Hans Christian Andersen
Walter Scott
Gothic literature
Edgar Allan Poe ( )
Mary Wallstonecraft Shelley ( )
Experimentation with drugs

17. Romantic Poets and the Love of Nature
Percy Bysshe Shelley ( )
Prometheus Unbound
Lord Byron ( )
Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage
William Wordsworth ( )
The mysterious force of nature

18. Romanticism in Art and Music
Casper David Friedrich ( )
God and nature
Eugène Delacroix ( )
Passion for color
Ludwig van Beethoven ( )

19. Discussion Questions
How did the revolts in Latin America affect the trading patterns with Europe?
How was the Greek revolt against the Ottoman Empire transformed into a noble cause?
How did Russia’s actions affect the cause of Greek independence?
How did the Romantics view society and the social conventions of the day?

20. Web Links Congress of Vienna Quintuple Alliance Simon Bolivar
Utopian Socialism
Revolutions of 1848
Gothic Literature
Eugene Delacroix