1. ****Side effect:
-dependence
-Photosensitivity
-Electrolyte imbalance( hypertension and hypokalemia)
Colonic atony.
Colonic melanoma.
*****Contraindication:
Pregnancy
Breast feeding women.
Children under the age of 12 years old.
*****Drug interaction:
Other laxative.
Cardiac glycoside.
Diuretic steroid.
Antibiotics.

2. ***Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics.
Stomach: partial hydrolysis for O-glycoside.
(so large bulk dose is used)
Small intestine:
Absorption for non-polar; smaller Mwt. Aglycon.
Colon:
Activation by normal flora for both O- and C- glycoside

3. -Combined form are soluble in aqueous alcohol and chlorinated solvent.
***Physicochemical properties ,
-Combined form are soluble in aqueous alcohol and chlorinated solvent.
-Free aglycone is soluble in chlorinated solvent and alcohols.
-Detection for free anthraquinone is done using borntrager’s test.
-Detection for combined anthraquinone and dimmer is done using modified borntrager’s test which uses:
-acid and heat to free O-glycoside.
-Acid, heat and oxidizing agent to oxidatively cleave C- glycosides.
-Heat and oxidizing agent to oxidatively cleave C- glycosides
-Quantitation: done on the principle of borntragers test, usually using Mg acetate.

4. *******Natural source for anthraquinone
glycosides:
***Senna:
-Botanical source:
Leaveas and legumes of:
Cassia acutifolia fam. Fabaceae
Cassia angustifolia
-Chemical structure
-Pharmacological activity:

6. -Aloin A:
-A in β-configuration.
-B in α-configuration
Aloinoside A and B :
-A in β-configuration.
-B in α-configuration.

7. Aloinoside A and B:
-monoanthrone; Bidesmoside, O-glycosides at C-11 and C- glycoside at C-10.
-C-10 chiral centre where C- linkage of r Glucose unit.
Rhamnose is the sugar part in β- position at C-11.
-Both are enantiomer (mirror image isomer).
-Aloin A is enantiomer for Aloin B, it has no sugar at C-11, but has CH2OH, so it is monodesmoside.

8. ***Rhubarb:
-Botanical source:
Root of Rheum palmatum plygonaceae.
-Chemical structure
-Pharmacological activity:
Used as laxative and to treat ulceration of oral mucosa.

9. ******Flavonoid:
-Classification based on:
1- Degree of oxidation.
2- Position of Phenolic group
3-Degree of unsaturation.