1. 17.1 The Linnaean System of Classification
KEY CONCEPT Organisms can be classified based on physical similarities.

2. Taxonomy is the science of naming and classifying organisms
17.1 The Linnaean System of Classification
Taxonomy is the science of naming and classifying organisms
Linnaeus - Developed the scientific naming system

3. 17.1 The Linnaean System of Classification
Binomial Nomenclature - Two-part scientific naming system.
Uses Latin words
Genus and species
Both typed in italics; underlined (written)
Genus always capitalized
species always lowercase

4. Linnaeus’ classification system has seven levels.
17.1 The Linnaean System of Classification
Linnaeus’ classification system has seven levels.
Each level is included in the level above it
Levels get increasingly specific from kingdom to species

5. Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species King Phillip Came Over
17.1 The Linnaean System of Classification
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
King
Phillip
Came
Over
From
Great
Spain

6. The Linnaean classification system has limitations.
17.1 The Linnaean System of Classification
The Linnaean classification system has limitations.
Doesn’t account for molecular evidence.
The technology didn’t exist
Based only on physical similarities.

7. 17.1 The Linnaean System of Classification
Physical similarities are not always the result of close relationships.
Genetic similarities more accurately show evolutionary relationships.

8. 17.2 Classification Based on Evolutionary Relationships
KEY CONCEPT Modern classification is based on evolutionary relationships.

9. Cladistics is classification based on common ancestry.
17.2 Classification Based on Evolutionary Relationships
Cladistics is classification based on common ancestry.
Phylogeny is the evolutionary history for a group of species.
Evidence from living species, fossil record, and molecular data
Shown with branching tree diagrams

10. 17.2 Classification Based on Evolutionary Relationships
Species placed in order that they descended from common ancestor

11. 17.2 Classification Based on Evolutionary Relationships
A Cladogram is an evolutionary tree made using cladistics.
Each species
shares some traits with the ancestor.
has traits that have changed.

12. 17.2 Classification Based on Evolutionary Relationships
FOUR LIMBS WITH DIGITS
Tetrapoda clade 1
Amniota clade 2
Reptilia clade 3
Diapsida clade 4
Archosauria clade 5
EMBRYO PROTECTED BY AMNIOTIC FLUID
OPENING IN THE SIDE OF THE SKULL
SKULL OPENINGS IN FRONT OF THE EYE & IN THE JAW
FEATHERS & TOOTHLESS BEAKS.
SKULL OPENINGS BEHIND THE EYE
DERIVED CHARACTER
Derived characters - traits shared
Basis of arranging species in cladogram
More closely related species share more derived characters
Represented on cladogram as hash marks

13. 17.2 Classification Based on Evolutionary Relationships
Molecular data may:
Confirm classification based on physical similarities
Or lead scientists to propose new classification.
DNA is usually given the last word by scientists.

14. Animals

15. Multicellular
Heterotrophic
Lack cell walls
Sexual Reproduction
Movement
Specialization – adaptation for a cell for a particular function
Cells  tissues  organs  organ systems

16. Ventral – bottom/belly Anterior – head Posterior - Tail
Body Structure
Dorsal – top
Ventral – bottom/belly
Anterior – head
Posterior - Tail

18. 23.2 Animal Diversity
Body Symmetry
Asymmetry – no symmetry
Radial – arrangement of body parts around a central axis
- top & bottom, no front, back, or right & left sides
– allows for organism to take in stimuli from all sides

19. 23.2 Animal Diversity
Bilateral symmetry – 2 similar halves on either side of a central plane
adaptation for movement

20. 23.2 Animal Diversity Cephalization
concentration of sensory & brain structures in the anterior region
No-cephalization

21. 23.2 Animal Diversity Fertilization Gamete + Gamete = Zygote
Sperm membrane fuses with egg membrane
causes an electrical shock that blocks entry by other sperm
Sperm nucleus merges with egg nucleus

22. 23.2 Animal Diversity
Cleavage – cell divisions of the zygote immediately following fertilization
Rapidly increases # of cells, but cells do not grow in size
Increases surface area-to-volume ratio
Continues until they form a hollow ball of cells – blastula
Central cavity - blastocoel

23. Gastrulation – blastula collapses inward
23.2 Animal Diversity
Gastrulation – blastula collapses inward
Blastopore – infolded region - will function as the gut
Deep cavity formed – archenteron – embryonic stem cells
Gastrula – multilayered embryo
Ectoderm – outer germ (cell) layer
Skin, hair, etc.
Endoderm – inner germ layer
Digestive system
Mesoderm – layer between ectoderm & endoderm
Muscular and Skeletal systems

24. 23.2 Animal Diversity

25. Patterns of Development
23.2 Animal Diversity
Patterns of Development
Protostomes – blastopore first develops into a mouth
Ex: Jellyfish
Deuterostomes – blastopore first develops into anus
Ex: Us

26. 23.2 Animal Diversity Acoelomates – body cavity is absent Flatworms
Types of Body Cavities
Acoelomates – body cavity is absent
Flatworms
Pseudocoelomate – mesoderm lines the fluid-filled coelom (body cavity)
Roundworms
Coelomates – mesoderm lines the body cavity and surrounds and supports the gut
Vertebrates

28. Human Development

29. notochord – (nerve chord) Class: Mammalia warm blooded Hair live birth
12.6 Primate Evolution
Human Classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Multicellular
Heterotroph
Sexual reproduction
Movement
No cell walls
Phylum: Chordata
notochord – (nerve chord)
Class: Mammalia
warm blooded
Hair
live birth
produce milk

30. Suborder: Anthropodia Family: Hominidae Bipedal – walk on two legs
12.6 Primate Evolution
Order: Primate
Suborder: Anthropodia
Family: Hominidae
Bipedal – walk on two legs
Genus: Homo
Species: sapiens
Subspecies: sapiens

31. Flattened nails instead of claws Hands & some feet prehensile
12.6 Primate Evolution
Order: Primate
Movable fingers & toes
Flattened nails instead of claws
Hands & some feet prehensile
Color vision
Front-facing eyes
broad overlapping field of vision
depth perception
2 main groups
Prosimians
Anthropoids

32. #2 Anthropoids 12.6 Primate Evolution
Marmosets, monkeys, apes, & humans
Well developed collar bone
Rotating shoulder joint
Partially rotating elbow joint
Opposable thumb
Similar dental formula
(same # & arrangement of teeth)

34. Person to Person – 99.6% identical DNA
12.6 Primate Evolution
Anthropoids
Humans & great apes – larger cranial capacity and more complex brain structure
Humans & Chimpanzees - High degree of similarity with DNA (99% identical)
Person to Person – 99.6% identical DNA
No genetic basis for race

35. 12.6 Primate Evolution
Family: Hominidae
Bipedal – ability to walk primarily on 2 legs
Cup-shaped pelvis (supports internal organs)
S-shaped spine (upright posture)
Toes are shorter and aligned (balance)
Attachment of spine to underneath the skull
Locking knee-joint
Important adaptive advantage:
foraging
carrying infants and food
using tools
Enlargement of brain – more vertical face
areas of brain devoted to the production & understanding of speech

36. 12.6 Primate Evolution
Genus: Homo
Larger cranial capacity
Slightly taller