1. Chapter 5
Political Parties

2. What Is a Political Party?
Political party: group of persons who seek to control government by winning elections and holding office.
The two major parties in American politics are the Republican and Democratic parties.
Parties can be principle-oriented, issue-oriented, or election-oriented. The American parties are election-oriented.

3. What Do Political Parties Do?
Nominate Candidates—Recruit, choose and present candidates for public office. Inform and Activate Supporters—Campaign, define issues, and criticize other candidates. Act as a Bonding Agent—Ensure the good performance of its candidates and officeholders. Govern—Members of government act according to their partisanship, or firm allegiance to a party. Act as a Watchdog—Parties that are out of power keep a close eye on the actions of the party in power for a blunder to use against them in the next election.

4. Why a Two-Party System?
The Historical Basis. The nation started out with two-parties: the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists.
The Force of Tradition. America has a two-party system because it always has had one. Minor parties have rarely made a successful showing, so people are reluctant to support them.
Question:
Is a vote for a minor party a wasted vote?
The Electoral System. Certain features of government, such as single-member districts, are designed to favor two major parties.
Ideological Consensus. Most Americans have a general agreement on fundamental matters. Conditions that would spark several strong rival parties do not exist in the United States.

5. Why a Two-Party System?
With a partner, list details about each of the four reasons that the U.S. has a two party-system. Next, choose which reason is the most compelling for keeping this system and which reason is least compelling for keeping the system. Be prepared to share your opinions with the class.

6. Multiparty Systems Advantages
Provide broader representation of the people.
More responsive to the will of the people.
Give voters more choices at the polls.
Disadvantages
Cause parties to form coalitions, which can dissolve easily.
Failure of coalitions can cause instability in government.

7. Netherlands
Following the January 2003 elections, the 150 seats in the Second Chamber of the Legislature were distributed as follows: CDA, 28.6% (44 seats); PvdA, 27.3% (42 seats); VVD, 17.9% (28 seats); SP, 6.3% (9 seats); LPF, 5.7% (8 seats); GL, 5.1% (8 seats); D66, 4.1% (6 seats); the Christian Union (CU), 2.1% (3 seats); and the conservative Calvinist party Political Reformed Party (SGP), 1.6% (2 seats). The PvdA scored an increase of 19 seats over the May 2002 elections, and the LPF suffered a loss of 18 seats. Balkenende formed a coalition government composed of the CDA, VVD, and D66.

8. Party Membership Patterns
Factors that can influence party membership:

9. Question
Can a party that only wants to win an election be true to its ideals and philosophy? Why or why not?

10. American Parties: Four Major Eras
The Era of the Democrats, 1800—1860
The Era of the Republicans, 1860—1932
The Return of the Democrats, 1932—1968
The Era of Divided Government
Since 1968, neither Republicans nor Democrats have dominated the presidency and Congress has often been controlled by the opposing party.

11. Economic Protest Parties
Minor Parties in the United States
Example: Libertarian Party
Ideological Parties
Example: Free Soil Party
Single-issue Parties
Example: The Populist Party
Economic Protest Parties
Example: “Bull Moose” Progressive Party
Splinter Party

12. Homework Answer the following questions in paragraph form.
If there had not been a group opposed to the adoption of the Constitution in the 1780’s, do you think a strong two-party system would have developed in the U.S..? Why or why not?
In your opinion, do you believe that including minor party candidates in presidential debates could alter the outcome of the election? Explain your reasoning.

13. Why Minor Parties Are Important
Minor parties play several important roles: “Spoiler Role” Minor party candidates can pull decisive votes away from one of the major parties’ candidates, especially if the minor party candidate is from a splinter party Critic Minor parties, especially single-issue parties, often take stands on and draw attention to controversial issues that the major parties would prefer to ignore. Innovator Often, minor parties will draw attention to important issues and propose innovative solutions to problems. If these proposals gain popular support, they are often integrated into the platforms of the two major parties.

14. Party Organization
Both of the major parties are highly decentralized and fragmented. Why? The party out of power lacks a strong leader. The federal system distributes powers widely, in turn causing the parties to be decentralized. The nominating process pits party members against one another because only one person can be chosen to be the party’s presidential candidate.

15. National Party Machinery
The National Convention
The Congressional Campaign Committees
The National Committee
The National Chairperson
All four elements of both major parties work together loosely to achieve the party’s goals.

16. State and Local Party Machinery
State and local party organization varies from State to State, but usually follow the general principles below.

17. The Party Organization Those who run and control the party machinery.
3 Party Components
The Party Organization
Those who run and control the party machinery.
The Party in the Electorate
Those who always or almost always vote for party candidates.
The Party in Government
Those who hold office in the government.

18. The Future of Major Parties
More people are unwilling to label themselves as “Democrats” or “Republicans.”
Split-ticket voting—voting for candidates of different parties for different offices at the same election.