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The Mughal and Ottoman Empires
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Middle East
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The Middle East: 1450-1650 Known as the “age of gunpowder empires”
Mughals ruled India Ottomans in modern-day Turkey All had cannons, gunpowder, and muskets, reducing the need for ordinary foot soldiers
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The Pre-Mughal Empire Hindu and Buddhist princes controlled India
Huge trade network with Middle East, Southeast Asia and China Along the ___________________?
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Sultans Defeat Hindu’s
Sultan = Muslim ruler Late 1100’s – 1526 = Muslim Rule Why did the Muslims win? Hindu’s rode slow-moving elephants (easy target) Hindu princes wasted $ fighting each other Lower Castes converted to Islam
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Muslim & Hindu Clash Hinduism Ancient polytheistic caste system
Buddhism declines due to Muslim destruction Hinduism Ancient polytheistic caste system celebrated religious occasions w/ music and dance Muslim New monotheistic equality of all/no hierarchy no celebration of events
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Sultans Grew tolerant of Hindu subjects
Could practice with the payment of a Poll Tax Merchants converted to Islam because it expanded their trade network
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Akbar the Great Babur (1483-1530) founds empire in 1526-1857
First Mughal emperor Babur’s grandson, Akbar ( ) takes control Established strong central government Muslim Supported Hindu Allowed them to hold government office Ended tax to non-Muslims Married a Hindu
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Shah Jahan Shah Jahan (1592-1666) Akbar’s grandson
High point in Mughal’s history (made lots of $) Married Mumtaz Mahal Built a tomb for her The Taj Mahal
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Taj Mahal
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Timeline Babur Hamayun Akbar the Great Emperor Jahangir Shah Jahan
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Rule of Akbar and Shah Jahan
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Downfall of Mughal Empire
Successors are not as tolerant of Hindu’s Heavy tax = economic hardships = Hindu revolts European traders take advantage of the weakened Empire
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Expansion of the Ottoman Empire
Original Location: Asia Minor
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Constantinople Falls to the Ottomans
Byzantine Empire controlled Constantinople Mehmet II (Ottoman) captures Renames capital Istanbul Animaniacs – Istanbul not Constantinople
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Expansion of the Ottoman Empire
Original Location: Asia Minor
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The Ottoman Economy TRADE, TRADE, TRADE!!!
Products: Coffee and Ceramics (produced in the empire), items from India & China
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Ottoman Culture Class System
“Men of the Sword” – Soldiers, Janizaries “Men of the Pen” – scientists, lawyers, poets “Men of Negotiation” – merchants, tax collectors, artisans “Men of Husbandry” – farmers, herders, food producers Ottoman Culture Class System
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What are Janizaries? Young Christian boys were sent to the palace for government service Converted to Islam Religious military training Best soldiers won title of Janizaries Were able to serve the Muslim government
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Ottoman Religion Islamic religion was used to unify the areas that were conquered These areas are typically still Muslim today.
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Suleiman the Magnificent
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Decline of the Ottomans
Suleiman died in 1556 Killed his most able son Successors were weak European countries saw this as an opportunity to take land
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The Decline of the Ottoman Empire
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Review Questions What are the differences between the Hindu and Muslim religions in the Mughal Empire? What reason would merchants convert from their original religion to Islam? What was the cause of the Mughal Empire collapse? Why was the fall of Constantinople a powerful symbol? How would you describe the location of the Ottoman Empire? Why is this location important? What was the economy of the Ottomans based on? What were social classes in the Ottoman Empire based on? Who were the janissaries? What do they indicate about religion and the Ottoman Empire?
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