1. R&D status of a large HAPD
T. Abe, H. Aihara, M. Iwasaki, H. Nakayama, T. Uchida (Univ. of Tokyo)
M. Tanaka, (KEK)
Y. Kawai, H. Kyushima, M. Suyama (HPK)
M. Shiozawa (ICRR)
12/3/2018

2. Introduction
We believe HAPD is the photon detector for the next generation water-Cherenkov detector (i.e. Hyper Kamiokande, 2km detector for T2K).
We have developed large (13-inch) HAPD.
In this talk, we present the R&D status of the HAPD.
12/3/2018

3. Hyper Kamiokande 20 times larger than Super K Low cost Quality control
48m×50m×250m×2
Total mass ~ 1Mton
Low cost
Quality control
Single photon sensitivity
Good time resolution
12/3/2018

4. HAPD
HAPD uses avalanche diode as e multiplier. # of parts < 1/10 of PMT
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5. Theme 190ps Excellent HAPD performance than PMT’sσ
190ps
Excellent HAPD performance than PMT’s
Single photon sensitivity
Single photon time resolution ~ 190ps (s)
Readout system development dedicated for HAPD
Possible application to other field
12/3/2018

6. Principle of HAPD Operation
PMT
Ne/sNe=67
Total Gain:~105
Bombardment:
Avalanche Gain: X30
1st Dynode Gain: x5
Ne/sNe=2.2
Incident
Light
Incident
Light
Photoelectron
Photoelectron
Large 1st mult. stage
 good single photon detection
10~20kV
Dynodes
Avalanche Diode
No Dynodes (No TTS)
 large HAPD with good time resolution
Total Gain:~107
Total Gain:~105
12/3/2018

7. Property of HAPD Single photon sensitivity Good time resolution
large gain at the first stage of multiplication
Good time resolution
No TTS in dynodes
Cost reduction and easy Quality control
simple structure without dynodes
Lower gain
Need a dedicated readout system
12/3/2018

8. HAPD system QP.H. TTime 13-inch HAPD Pre-amplifier ASIC (Low noise)
(Q, T)
QP.H.
TTime
≥1Gsps
MOF
13-inch HAPD
Pre-amplifier
ASIC
(Low noise)
Waveform sampling (Fast sampling)
+Digital filter
(Noise Suppression)
HAPD performances are evaluated using this system
12/3/2018

9. 13inch HPD performances Energy measurement related items
Comparison between HAPD and PMT
Dynamic range
Position dependence of relative gain
Timing measurement related items
Comparison & # of P.E. dependence
HV dependence
Dark rate
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10. HPD and PMT HPD（HV=12ｋV bias=330V) PMT(13inch) 1P.E. 2P.E. 3P.E. 4P.E.
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11. Dynamic range (no preamplifier)
3000p.e. equivalent input
110
HV=+20kV,
Bias=290V for Sample A
370V for Sample B
390V for Sample C
Light Source: Pulsed Laser
(PW: ~70ps, λ: ~400nm)
100 90
Output/input [%] 80 70 60
:Sample A
:Sample B
:Sample C
-3% Deviation at Output Charge of 100pC (~3000p.e. input signal intensity equivalent at total gain of ~2x105) 50 40 1 10
100
1000
12/3/2018
Output Charge [pC]

12. Position dependence of gain
for photons<5
18cm ~65deg.
Gain uniformity:s~2%
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13. Time resolution (large HAPD)
Transit time variation
Timing resolution
Center
45 deg
70 deg
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14. Timing resolution 190ps Spot Laser illuminated HV=12ｋV bias=330V
Better st
No dependence of # of p.e.
190ps
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15. Photoelectron transit time
Center
Bias=290V
Light Source:
Pulsed Laser
(PW: ~70ps,
λ: ~400nm)
45 deg
70 deg
Position dep. of
Transit time < 1 nsec
12/3/2018

16. Dark rate Dark rate quickly goes down below ~17 kV. Dark count : 15kHz
Sample#1
20inch PMT dark rate
@ room temp
Sample#2
After modification of HPD,
Dark rate PMT
Dark count : 15kHz
12/3/2018
HAPD

17. HAPD vs. PMT Parameters* Developed HPD (13-inch HPD) 13-inch PMT
(R for SK)
Order of Gain
105
107
Single Photon Time Resolution (s)
190ps
1400ps
2300ps
Single Photon Energy Resolution
44%
(preliminary)
70%
150%
Pulse Response
Rise Time
1ns
6ns
10ns
Pulse Width
2.2ns
20ns
Transient Time
12ns
100ns
95ns
Dynamic Range
(Signal Intensity in p.e.)
3000 p.e.
2000 p.e.
1000 p.e.
12/3/2018

18. HPD electronics statusf
1Gsps AMC
FPGA
Analog memory cell (AMC)
+ FPGA for Digital Filter
Pre-amplifier
ASIC
Under development t f
(Q, T)
≥1Gsps
MOF
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19. ASIC preamplifier for low noise
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20. ENC (noise) and impulse response
Rise time=5.8ns
Dynamic range:2V
Power consumption:~4mW/ch
(depends on driving capability)
S/N=59 for the HAPD gain of 2X105
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21. Achievable ENC S/N=2X105/2.2X103 S/N~100 is attainable!?
Quadruple input transistor amplifier
Detector Capacitance=40pF
S/N=2X105/2.2X103
S/N~100 is attainable!?
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22. AMC + slow FADC vs. fast FADC
Ref. ; A. Kusaka Master Thesis 2004 U. of Tokyo
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23. AMC operation principle
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24. AMC pulse response test
5ns/Div.
Test Signal Input
~10ns
100us/Div.
Output (with 100kHz Readout Clock)
~12counts
under 1ns sampling period
Sample and Hold Trigger
Readout Clock: Much Slower Than Sampling Speed
12/3/2018
Prototype AMC

25. AMC performance (measured)
Sampling speed=1GHz
Uniformity of sampling speed < 100psec
Dynamic range : 3.5V
9bit equivalent resolution
50mW/ch
Depth 64 AMC
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26. Depth 512 AMC
We develop a depth 512 AMC which has enough depth to measure entire signal shape of HAPD.
512nsec
12/3/2018

27. FPGA for DSP So far, we evaluate this part using
Offline computer analysis or
Mathlab/Simulink + Signal Master
(general purpose DSP prototyping hardware)
We start to design a FPGA board dedicated for Digital Signal Processing with Giga-bit Ethernet output.
12/3/2018

28. Possible application to other fields
We are seeking possible HAPD application to other fields.
Excellent single photon sensitivity of HAPD might be useful for environment science.
We try to measure photons from photo protein (single photon events).
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29. Filter output of photo protein events
The origin of photon source is same as fireflies.
40msec
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30. Photon measurement from photo protein
Large HAPD can measure single photon events by photo protein source.
noise
signals
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31. Summary We develop a 13inch HAPD and confirm
Excellent single photon st~190ps.
Excellent single photon sE~44%.
Total gain of > 2X105.
We develop a dedicated readout electronics for the HAPD.
HAPD would be useful for other fields.
12/3/2018

32. Backup slides
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33. HPD system in the next step
In the next step (after several modifications)
Stability for temperature (for general purpose)
Evaluation of long term stability
Optimization of manufacturing process for production cost
Photocathode formation
Low cost material
Quality check during production ….
Customization of electronics/system for HK
Multi-SK
Large-SK HK
12/3/2018

34. Two directions Development of common devices Similar to SK On HPD
1Gsps AMC
MOF t f
1Gsps AMC
MOF
Digital data
through
Ethernet
Ethernet
Development of common devices
After determination of timing I/F(i.e. trigger, clock ..)
Multi-chip module or deep submicron ASIC (blue rectangle part) will be developed
as a building block of the readout system.
12/3/2018

35. EB and Avalanche Gain AD Bias=30V(fixed), HV=Swept Gain=~4700 @20kV
HV=+10kV(fixed), Bias=Swept
12/3/2018

36. Incorporated Avalanche Diode and its C-V Characteristics
Capacitance: ~40pF over bias voltage of 120V (assembled on the base)
Assembled
Bare Chip
Backside Illumination Avalanche Diode
Effective Area: 5mm in dia.
12/3/2018

37. Collection Efficiency as a function of Magnetic Field (at HV of +20kV)
Photoelectron Collection Efficiency and Effect of Magnetic Field (Simulation)
Photoelectron Collection Efficiency as a function of HV (No Magnetic Field)
Collection Efficiency as a function of Magnetic Field (at HV of +20kV)
12/3/2018

38. Mathlab/Simulink + SignalMaster
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