1. Exploring Mendelian Genetics 11-3

2. GENES are more complicated than Mendel thought
ENVIRONMENT influences
____________________________ the ________________________.
= ________________________
Genes ________ the ______ for development, but how plan unfolds also _______ on ______________conditions.
expression of genes
“Nature vs Nurture”
provide plan
depends environmental

3. GENES are more complicated than Mendel thought
Some traits have ____________ allele __________
= ____________________
EX: blood type
Allele choices ___ ___ ___
choices
MORE than 2
MULTIPLE ALLELE TRAIT A B O

4. GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought
Some traits are determined by
____________________________
= __________________
EX: human height intelligence, skin & eye color
MORE THAN ONE GENE
POLYGENIC TRAIT

5. GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought
Traits determined by ____________ _________ have _____ “___________” phenotypes
MORE than
ONE gene
many
in-between
There aren’t just SMART people
and DUMB people….
there is a ________________
of intelligences in-between
whole range

6. GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought
KINDS OF DOMINANCE
____________________
COMPLETE DOMINANCE
INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
CO-DOMINANCE

7. COMPLETE DOMINANCE Dominant masks recessive Recessive returns 3:1 F2
__________ allele _______ the ___________ one
PATTERN ? ____________ allele ________
in a _____ratio in the ____ generation
Recessive
returns
3:1 F2

8. INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE DON’T SEE __________ expected _____ ratio in
F2 generation
_____________ organisms with one dominant and one recessive allele show a _________ in-between trait
3:1
Heterozygous
BLENDED
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9. CO-DOMINANCE
BOTH
_______ traits are expressed at ___________ (_____________________) in heterozygote
SAME TIME
NO BLENDING
ROAN
A ________HORSE has ______________ hair and __________ hair
side by side
BOTH RED
WHITE

10. CO-DOMINANCE
Both traits are expressed together (NO BLENDING) in heterozygote
Persons with an A allele AND a B allele have blood type AB

11. Membrane proteins with _______ attached that help cells recognize self
REMEMBER
Membrane proteins with _______ attached that help cells recognize self
= ______________
sugars
GLYCOPROTEINS

12. The pattern of sugars that is attached is determined by genes
BLOOD TYPES have more than 2 allele choices = _________________________
MULTIPLE ALLELE TRAIT
The pattern of sugars that is attached is determined by genes
Allele choices are:
_____ ____ ____ A B O

13. BLOOD TYPES An A allele tells the cell to put “A” glycoproteins
on its surface

14. BLOOD TYPES A B allele tells the cell to put a
different “B” glycoprotein
on its surface

15. BLOOD TYPES An O allele tells
the cell NOT to put anything on the surface

16. A and B are CO-DOMINANT A cell with BOTH an A and a B allele has BOTH
glycoproteins on its surface

17. PHENOTYPE (BLOOD TYPE)
BLOOD TYPES & ALLELES
GENOTYPE
PHENOTYPE (BLOOD TYPE) AA AO BB BO OO AB A A B B O AB

18. A and AB see A as “like me” as Different!
DONOR BLOOD
A and AB see A as “like me”
B and O see A
as Different!
IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS!
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19. B and AB see B as “like me” as Different!
DONOR BLOOD
B and AB see B as “like me”
A and O see B
as Different!
IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS!
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20. O ____ can donate to EVERY BLOOD TYPE = _____________________
DONOR BLOOD O
____ can donate to EVERY BLOOD TYPE
= _____________________
Nothing on surface to
recognize as “NOT SELF”
UNIVERSAL DONOR
YOU DON’T HAVE ANYTHING I DON’T HAVE!
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21. Only AB sees AB as “like me”
DONOR BLOOD
Only AB sees AB as “like me”
A, B, and O see AB as Different!
IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS!
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22. AB can only GIVE to AB BUT . . .
______ can RECEIVE FROM
EVERY BLOOD TYPE
= ________________________
UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT
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23. BLOOD TYPE FREQUENCY IN USA
40% B
10% AB 4% O
46%

24. ABO SYSTEM is NOT THE ONLY ONE
Rh Rh-

25. OTHER BLOOD TYPES ____________________ IF: NO PROBLEMS
MOM is _____ & BABY is ____
Rh+
Rh+
MOM is _____ & BABY is _____
Rh+
Rh-
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26. Can be a ___________ IF: Mom is _____ Baby is _____
PROBLEM
Can be a ___________ IF: Mom is _____ Baby is _____
Rh-
Rh+
1st baby OK but few baby cells
entering mom’s bloodstream
put mom’s immune system on
alert for + cells.
Next + baby, mom’s immune
system can attack baby as it is
growing
Mom given shot after 1st birth prevents this
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27. Chromosomes that determine the sex of an organism = _________________
All other chromosomes = _________________
Sex chromosomes
autosomes
Humans have two sex chromosomes
and _____ autosomes X y 44

28. SEX DETERMINATION
XX =
female
Xy =
male

29. Who decides? X X Mom can give X X Dad can give X or y y X X X X X y
SO ____ determines sex of the baby.
If dad gives X with mom’s X = girl
If dad give y with mom’s X = boy

30. HEMOPHILIA Blood clotting proteins on X bleed to death
CAUSE: Mutation in genes for __________________ carried ______ chromosome
Blood clotting proteins are missing so person with this disorder can’t stop bleeding when injured; can ________________ from minor cuts or suffer internal bleeding
from bruises or bumps.
Blood clotting proteins
on X
bleed to death

31. HEMOPHILIA injections More common Treatment:
Need ____________ of normal clotting proteins to stop bleeding
_____________ in ______ because it is
X-linked, but females with ______ recessive hemophilia alleles will also show the trait.
1 in 10,000 males has hemophilia
injections
More common
males
TWO

32. COLORBLINDNESS Color vision Red-green
CAUSE: Mutation in one of three genes for _______________ carried on X chromosome
Persons with this disorder have trouble distinguishing colors.
_________________
colorblindness is most common
Seen in 1 in 10 males
1 in 100 females
Color vision
Red-green

33. Or Males ONLY HAVE ONE X They either have the They don’t disorder
DEFECTIVE
NORMAL
They either
have the
disorder
They don’t Or

34. Females __________ defective recessive alleles to show the disorder
FEMALES HAVE TWO X CHROMOSOMES
DEFECTIVE
NORMAL
DEFECTIVE
Females have one normal gene that works.
Females __________ defective recessive
alleles to show the
disorder
need 2

35. The X chromosome in males . . .
flies WITHOUT a copilot!
. . . there’s NO BACK UP X to help them!

36. X-linked cross Xb Xb Dad is not colorblind XB Mom is colorblind y
Xb y
Xb y y
What is the probability of having a colorblind boy? What is the probability of having a colorblind girl?
All boys will be colorblind
No girls will be colorblind

37. Girls with this genotype: XB Xb
don’t show the COLORBLIND trait They have a “backup” X.
BUT They can pass the gene onto their offspring.

38. CARRIER A heterozygous person who carries a recessive
allele for a genetic disorder, but ________ show the trait themselves
is called a
_____________
doesn’t
CARRIER

39. SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS
LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures,
functions, classifications, and mechanisms found
in living things
9-12.L Students are able to relate cellular functions and processes to specialized structures within cells.
Storage and transfer of genetic information

40. Core High School Life Science Performance Descriptors
High school students performing at the
ADVANCED level:
predict how traits are transmitted from parents to offspring
PROFICIENT level:
explain how traits are transmitted from parents to offspring;
BASIC level
identify that genetic traits can be transmitted from parents to offspring;

41. SOUTH DAKOTA ADVANCED SCIENCE STANDARDS
LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 2: Analyze various patterns and
products of natural and induced biological
change.
9-12.L.2.1A. Students are able to predict the results of complex inheritance patterns involving multiple alleles and genes. (SYNTHESIS)
Examples: human skin color, polygenic inheritance