1. Soil

2. Soil is made up of living and nonliving material spread as a very thin layer over the entire surface of the planet we call earth.
Soil must provide nutrients, water, and air and helps to support the plant.

3. Soil is a combination of materials
Soil is a combination of materials. One part of soil is rock that has been broken down over time by wind, water, and chemical processes.

5. Factors of Soil Fertility
Soil depth -room for roots to grow
Availability of water
Drainage- reduce flooding pH
Minerals
Organic matter

6. True or False: The Earth’s surface has stayed the same for thousands of years

7. The Earth’s surface is always changing!
True or False: The Earth’s surface has stayed the same for thousands of years
False
The Earth’s surface is always changing!

12. Weathering and Erosion
Wind
Water
Ice
Gravity

13. The breakdown of the materials of Earth’s crust into smaller pieces.
Weathering
The breakdown of the materials of Earth’s crust into smaller pieces.
Weathering causes
soil formation

14. Water causes weathering
What evidence of weathering do you see in this picture?

15. Wind causes weathering
Why wasn’t this mass of land weathered away?
What evidence of weathering do you see in this picture?

16. Describe how ice causes weathering?

17. What evidence of erosion do you see in this picture?
The process by which water, ice, wind or gravity moves fragments of rock and soil.
What evidence of erosion do you see in this picture?

18. Erosion is Movement of Sediment!
This process, known as Erosion, is gradually wearing down the surface of the earth.
Erosion is the process by which weathered rock and soil (sediment) are moved  from one place to another.
Erosion carves the Earth's surface creating canyons, gorges, and even beaches.
What do you think has caused this rock to look this way?

19. The intensity of wind erosion is determined by:
As the wind blows it picks up small particles of sand/sediment and blasts large rocks with the abrasive particles, cutting and shaping the rock.
The intensity of wind erosion is determined by:
Sum (amount)
Speed
Slope
Surface

20. Wind Erosion Creates sand dunes Greatest impact in deserts Removes
fertile topsoil

21. Water Causes Erosion runoff, rivers and, streams
Creates MOST of the changes
in the Earth's landscape!

22. Water causes Erosion
When rain falls to the Earth it can evaporate, sink into the ground, or flow over the land as Runoff.
When it flows over land, erosion occurs.
Runoff picks up pieces of rock and "runs" downhill cutting tiny grooves (called rills) into the land.
Rivers and streams are a
constant flow of runoff-
they constantly weather and erode!

23. How much erosion takes place is determined by the:
Water causes Erosion
How much erosion takes place is determined by the:
Sum (amount)
Slope
Speed
Surface
The 4 S’s

24. Ice Causes Erosion
Glaciers wear down the landscape; by picking up and carrying debris that moves across the land along with the ice.

25. Ice Causes Erosion
Glaciers can pick up and carry sediment that ranges in size from sand grains to boulders bigger than houses.
Moving like a conveyor belt and a bulldozer, a single glacier can move millions of tons of material!

26. **Sum (Glaciers are massive!)
Ice Causes Erosion
How much erosion takes place is determined by the:
**Sum (Glaciers are massive!)
Slope
Speed
Surface

27. Gravity causes erosion
Creep, Slump, Landslides, Mudslides, and Avalanches.
Slower
Faster
These are examples of mass movement
(or called mass wasting)
landslide clip.mpeg

28. Gravity causes Erosion
How much erosion takes place is determined by the:
Sum
**Slope
Speed
**Surface

29. Plants CAN CAUSE weathering

30. Plants CAN PREVENT erosion

31. Together, Erosion and Deposition build new landforms.
Rock particles that are picked up and transported during erosion will ultimately be deposited somewhere else
Deposition is the process by which sediments (small particles of rock) are laid down in new locations.
Together, Erosion and Deposition build new landforms.
Deltas
Canyons
Meanders
Floodplains

32. Delta
Where rivers meet the ocean is called the mouth of the river. Soil and dirt carried by these rivers is deposited at the mouth, and new land is formed. The new, soil-rich land is known as a Delta

33. Canyons are large valleys created by a river or stream.
This simple animation provides you with a visualization of how the Colorado River has "downcut" into the rock layers of the Grand Canyon.
How long it took to carve the Grand Canyon is debated by geologists.
Some estimates are between 6 and 8 million years, which is very recent by comparison.
Canyons are large valleys created by a river or stream.

34. This constant motion creates a series of S-shaped “loops”.
Meanders
Meandering streams wander side to side as they constantly seek out the lowest elevation.
This constant motion creates a series of S-shaped “loops”.

35. Meanders
Stream Velocity varies from one side to the other side of the “S”, resulting in erosion in some places and deposition of sediments in others.

36. Floodplains
Floodplains form along the banks of mid-order streams and larger rivers.
These are low-lying areas along the sides of a river channel that have regular times of heavy waterflow to cause the river to spill over and flood the land.