1. Updating the National Implementation Plan for the Stockholm Convention
“Review & Update of the National Implementation Plan for the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in Thailand”. TRAINING WORKSHOP FOR UPDATING INVENTORY OF INITIAL/NEW POPs
Pollution Control Department; May 8th- 9th 2018, Bangkok, Thailand
Updating the National Implementation Plan for the Stockholm Convention
Dr. Roland Weber
POPs Environmental Consulting,
Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany 1 1

2. Central, Eastern Europe
The chemicals industry is one of the largest sectors of the worlds economy. Nearly every manufactured product contains one or more of the 100’000 chemicals produced.
Global chemical production by region
(Ref.: American Chemistry Council, 2009)
4,000
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
billion US $
Africa and Middle East
Central, Eastern Europe
Latin America
North America
(REACH: Chemicals pre-registered).
Strong increase in Chemical Production in Asia & Pacific
Africa/Middle East small production – but a larger consumption; you get our products from Europe and in particulat the products from China/India etc.
Western Europe
Asia and Pacific
‘98 ’99 ’00 ’01 ’02 ’03 ’04 ’05 ’06 ’07 ‘08
Many of the chemicals are important to modern society and can be used safely,

3. We just begin to understand the relevance of chemical mixtures !
… some can pose serious threats to human health & environment. 28 POPs are the tip of the iceberg !
So what happen with all chemicals we produce and use
Pesticides we bring to our fields (you have agriculture)
But also – what happen to the chemicals in dishwasher; in detergents the toothpaste you
What is when the chemicals we produce and use do not degrade in the environment:
When they persist in the environment and accumulate – then over time the whole world would be polluted.
This just happend the last 50 years – and we actually could know 50 years ago.
We just begin to understand the relevance of chemical mixtures !

4. An Early Globalisation in 1960s/70s:
Contamination by Persistent Organic Pollutants !
Discovery 1960s/70s: chlorinated chemicals which did not degrade in environment (persistent) were found to cause local disturbance of ecosystems including extinction of birds, fishes, reptiles. Discovery 1990s: Global pollution by POPs
“The dirty dozen”
PCDD
PCDF
Persistent Organic Pollutants
Persistent in environment & in organism/body
Toxic to humans/biota
Mobile in the environment
PCBs
PCBs
DDT
Aldrin
Chlordane
Dieldrin
Noch den Lik zu zweiten Lessions learnt – oder zu Precautionary
Endrin
HCB
Heptachlor
Toxaphene
Mirex
Late lessons from early warnings – the precautionary principle

5. Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
Environmental/Transboundary Movement
„Grashopper Effect“
Evaporation
Atmospheric movement
Deposition
„Travel the globe“ and accumulate in colder region
Charakteristisch für POPs ist somit ihre hohe "räumliche und zeitliche Reichweite". Einmal freigesetzt, können diese Stoffe bis in die entlegensten Regionen der Welt gelangen.
They are semi volatile, tend to enter the air, travel long distances on air currents, and then return to earth. They may repeat this process many times as they “jump” north. The colder the climate, however, the less they tend to evaporate, resulting in their accumulation in the polar regions, thousands of kilometers away from their original sources.
PCDD/PCDF emitted from combustion and industrial sources, or re-entrained from environmental reservoirs, are transported to distant locations through atmospheric or aquatic pathways (Figure 2). POPs are deposited on agricultural crops, plants, soil, sediments, taken up in the food supply, and then bioaccumulated and biomagnified through the food chain.

6. POPs Environmental/Transboundary Movement Contamination of the Arctic
Accumulation in the artic population (Greenland, Alaska etc)
High levels of POPs contaminants in humans and human milk
High cancer rates
Girl/boy ratio of new born is > 1 (Similar effect Dioxin in Seveso)
These people have not used these chemicals but are contaminated from production, sale & use from industrial countries. Cross-border contamination can only be addressed by an international agreement.
Source: Guardian 12 Sep
Film Silent Snow from Jan van den Berg & Pipaluk Knudsen-Ostermann

7. Stockholm Convention: Global Action Risk Reduction & Phase out of POPs
Objective of the Stockholm Convention (Art 1):
“Mindful of the precautionary approach as set forth in Principle 15 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, the objective of this Convention is to protect human health and the environment from persistent organic pollutants.”

8. Stockholm Convention Parties
A global effort: Meanwhile 182 Parties ratified the Stockholm Convention (status 05/2018).
Party

9. Stockholm Convention: Global Action Towards Risk Reduction of POPs
Eliminate or restrict the production, use, import and export of POPs.
Eliminate POPs stockpiles (also articles) and wastes.
Promote BAT/BEP to reduce unintentional POP emissions and manage industrial POPs.
Identify sites contaminated by POPs chemicals.
Procedure for adding new POPs for action
products and articles in use consisting of, containing or contaminated with a chemical listed in Annex A, B or C
Mechanism for financial and technical assistance

10. Stockholm Convention: Global Action Towards Risk Reduction of POPs
Annexes to the Convention
Annex A (Elimination)
Each Party shall prohibit and/or take the legal and administrative measures necessary to eliminate its production and use of chemicals in Annex A subject to the provisions of that Annex
Annex B (Restriction)
Each Party shall restrict its production and use of chemicals in Annex B in accordance with the provisions of that Annex
Annex C (Continuing minimization)
Each Party shall take measures to reduce the total releases derived from anthropogenic sources of each of the chemicals listed in Annex C, with the goal of their continuing minimization and, where feasible, ultimate elimination
products and articles in use consisting of, containing or contaminated with a chemical listed in Annex A, B or C
Mechanism for financial and technical assistance

11. Initial 12 POPs in the Stockholm Convention
Chemical
Pesticides
Industrial chemicals
Unintentional production
Annex
Aldrin
Chlordane
DDT
Dieldrin
Endrin
Heptachlor
Mirex
Toxaphen + A B
Hexachlorobenzene (HCB)
PCB
A/C
Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins
Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans

12. Process to assess and list candidate POPs
New proposal by a party
(providing information in Annex D)
Annex D: Information requirements and screening criteria
Chemical identity
Persistence
Bio-accumulation
Potential for long-range transport
Adverse effects (toxicity)
POPs Review Committee
（POPRC）
Screening
(by criteria specified in Annex D)
Annex E: Information requirements for the risk profile
Hazard assess, environmental fate, monitoring data, risk evaluation,
Development of a risk profile
(based on information in Annex E)
A risk management evaluation
(based on information in Annex F)
Annex F: Information on socio-economic considerations
Control measures, alternatives, impacts on society,
Conference of the Parties
(COP)
COP to consider listing a chemical to Annex A/B/C 12

13. 14 (+2) new POPs (added to Convention 2009-17)
Chemical
Pesticides
Industrial chemicals
Unintentional production
Annex
Chlordecone
Alpha hexachlorocyclohexane
Beta hexachlorocyclohexane
Lindane (gamma HCH)
Endosulfan
Pentachlorophenol (PCP) +
By-product of lindane By-product of lindane A
Commercial PentaBDE
Commercial OctaBDE*
Commercial DecaBDE
Hexabromobiphenyl (HBB)
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD)
Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), its salts and PFOSF
Short Chain Chlorinated Paraffins B
Hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD)
Pentachlorobenzene (PeCBz)
Polychlorinated Naphtalene (PCN)
A/C
*Certain homologues (HexaBDE and HeptaBDE)
POPs Review Committee: PFHxS Suggested for listing: PFOA, Dicofol,

14.  "Life-Cycle" of POPs/PBT and Human Exposure Exposure
Environmental
Transport
Exposure
Routes
Emission Sources
Chlorine/Bromine/ Fluorine Production
(e.g. Chlor-alkali,
historical processes)
Inter-
generational
Thermal/Indust.
(e.g. waste incineration,
cement, metal industry, fires/open burning)
Atmosphere
Inhalation
Plants
Food ingestion
Reservoirs
(e.g. landfill, contaminated
sites, stockpiles, soil, sediments)
Chlorine/Bromine Use (e.g. pulp & paper, water treatm., TiO2, Magnesium etc.)
Occupational
Land
Interessant uns den Life Cycle von POPs uns genauer anzuschauen – steht auch fuer ander Kontaminanten wie Schwermetalle
Animals/
Cattle
Accidental
POP Organohalogen & PBTs Production
(e.g. Pesticides, PCBs, UPOPs: PVC, PERC,
BFRs: PBDE, HBCD etc. PFAS: PFOS, PFOA etc.)
Products
(e.g. pesticides, PCB in transformer/paint, BFRs and PFCs in EEE, textiles, carpet, furniture, plastic etc.)
Indoor
Consumer
Fish &
Shellfish
Aquatic 
Recycled products

15. Time Trend of legacy & emerging POPs (Sweden)
Legacy POPs decreased and new POPs/PBTs increased.
Today > 300 industrial chemicals in human milk and blood.
The good news is that countries that banned the use of these organochlorine insecticides have been rewarded with significant decreases in their levels in breast milk over the last 10 to 20 years, proof that eliminating the production or use of a persistent, hazardous chemical can make a significant difference in exposure levels.
Sweden was the first country to prohibit selected BFRs in imports!
PCB – also decrease but interesting how less effective for humans compared to environment (half life in humans; indoor contamination!)
Key issue
Source: Swedish Natural Research Defense Council

16. Obligation to prepare a NIP
As per Article 7 each Party shall
Develop a National Implementation Plan (NIP),
Endorse the NIP by the Government,
Transmit the NIP to SC (within 2 years of entry into force)‏,
Endeavour to implement its measures,
Review & update the NIP on a periodic basis,
Integrate the NIP into the national sustainable development strategy.
Include NGOs and the civil society in NIP development and implementation,

17. Responding to changes
Article 7 of the Convention: “Review and update, as appropriate, its NIP on a periodic basis and in a manner to be specified by a decision of the COP.”
Decision SC-1/12
Identification of internal and external triggers 22

18. External and internal factors triggering NIP update
External factors
Internal factors
Reporting under Article 15
Change in national priorities
Significant change in national circumstances
Inventories of POPs, after improvement or updating, indicating a change in the scope of the problem addressed
Changes in obligations arising from amendments to the Convention
COP decisions that may affect how a Party implements the Convention (e.g. adoption of guidance)
Changes in availability of financial and technical assistance
Changes in access to infrastructure 23

19. National Implementation Plan (NIP)
- Enabling Activities
Coordination mechanism and organization
Inventory of POPs, NIP review & national capacity
Assessment and priority setting for management of legacy and new listed POPs
NIP and National Action Plans formulation
NIP endorsement and submission
Annex to decision SC-2/7
Assess/consider the national situation and develop a national strategy integrated with other national plans.

20. Phase I. Coordination mechanism & awareness
Coordination mechanism established (maybe integrated within chemicals/waste; Sustainable Consumption and Production) and working groups formed and contracted.
Identify and sensitize stakeholders.
Awareness raising on POPs, Stockholm Convention and NIP.
Achieve sufficient political commitment for successful NIP development.
Establish mechanism for planning, managing and supervising for NIP development.
Plan and initiate information dissemination campaign.
Agreement on plan for NIP development.
Establish task teams & undertake inventory training.
GEF supported Enabling Activity Framework:

21. Phase II. Inventory development and assessment of national infrastructure & capacity.
Carry out inventories and specific assessments.‏
Assessment of national regulatory/policy framework and institutional capacities to manage POPs.
Prioritization of (new) POPs risk reduction options based on criteria, cost and benefit and inventory results.
Identify gaps and barriers in resources, capacity and knowledge that prevent NIP implementation and/or complete assessment of POPs issue.
Coordinate & integrate with national sustainable development.
Coordinate with relevant regional, sub-regional & international agreements.

22. Objective of a POPs Inventory
To give valuable inputs for developing a strategy on POPs management, developing of actions plans and prioritization of sectors and actions that need special attention.
To identify economic sectors that have critical uses of industrial POPs that falls into the use categories listed as acceptable purposes and specific exemptions in the Convention.
To identify whether the current situation meets the Convention requirements and identify areas where it does not (action plan).
To determine need of exemptions and register for those POPs that exemptions are still allowed.
To help identifying suitable alternative products, methods and strategies for POPs.
To identify gaps in information required to complete the inventory.
To provide a basis for the reporting (Article 15).
To identify the need for financial or technical support, 27

23. Guidances for the Stockholm Convention NIP update
Inventory Guidances
General guidance
Guidance for the control of the import and export of POPs
Guidance for strengthening the regulatory framework to enable regular monitoring products and articles that may contain new POPs
Guidance for BAT /BEP for production & use of PFOS
Labelling of
products and articles
Action plan development
Guidance for BAT /BEP for recycling & waste disposal of articles containing PBDEs
Guidance for socio-economic assessments
Guidance for action plan costing
Guidance for developing a NIP
POP Pesticide materials
PCB guidance materials
UPOP Toolkit (2013)
PFOS inventory guidance
PBDE inventory guidance
HBCD inventory guidance
Guidance for BAT /BEP for HBCD management
REVISED
PCN inventory guidance
HCBD inventory guidance
Monitoring POPs articles and products
PCP inventory guidance
NEW 28

24. Steps for developing (industrial) POP inventories
Step 5: Preparing the inventory report
Step 4: Managing and evaluating the data
Step 3: Collecting and compiling data from key sectors
Industry
Consumer market
Professional user area
Waste, stockpiles and contaminated sites
Step 2: Choosing data collection methodologies
Tiered approach
Step 1: Planning the inventory
Establish a national inventory team
Identify key stakeholders
Define inventory scope
Develop the work plan

25. Inventory and NIP update teams/tasks
Working groups:
1) Inventory/working group pesticides
Capacity/situation of former pesticide inventory group.
Newly listed Pesticides Lindane (alpha-HCH), beta-HCH gamma-HCH/Lindane, Chlordecone, Endosulfan, PeCB, PCP
2) Inventory/working group PCB/PCNs (and SCCPs)
Capacity/situation of the former PCB inventory group
3) Inventory/working group on POP-PBDEs, HBB and HBCD.
4) Inventory/working group on PFOS and related chemicals.
5) Inventory/working group unintentionally POPs:
Capacity/situation of the former UPOPs inventory group
Newly listed unintentional POPs HCBD, PCNs, PeCBz as
6) Legal and regulatory frame; chemical assessment (cross cutting)
7) Other information/activities (monitoring data/capacity; health; awareness, NGO assessment). 30

26. Phase III. Action plan development and priority setting.
Assess information collected in phase II to identify priority areas.
Formulation of action plan activities for POPs categories.
Develop country-specific criteria for prioritizing the identified actions, gaps and barriers.
Develop country priorities.
Set short, medium and long-term objectives for POPs management.

27. Phase IV. Formulation of the NIP
Review & assess options to meet the Convention’s obligations and country objectives,
Analyse the costs and benefits of the management options,
Prepare draft NIP containing action plans for POPs management,
Identify the needs for capacity-building and external assistance in implementing the NIP.

28. Structure and content of the NIP
(for Suriname)
Executive summary
1. Introduction (update)
2. Country baseline
2.1 Country profile (update)
2.1.1 Geography and population
2.1.2 Political and economic profile
2.1.3 Profiles of economic sectors
2.1.4 Environmental overview
2.2 Institutional policy and regulatory framework (update)
2.3 Assessment of the POPs issue in the country (update)
2.4 NIP implementation status (new)

29. Structure and content of the NIP
3. Strategy and action plan elements of the national implementation plan (update)
3.1 Policy statement
3.2 Implementation strategy
3.3 Activities, strategies and action plans
3.4 Priority areas and capacity building
3.5 Time frame implementation
3.6 Resource requirements and financing

30. Phase V. NIP Endorsement & Submission to COP
Consult all stakeholders on the proposed NIP,
Submit the draft NIP officially to all stakeholders for comments,
Finalize NIP by taking into account stakeholders’ inputs,
Secure political support for the NIP and its implementation (endorsement),‏
Transmit the NIP to COP via the Secretariat of the SC.

31. What to consider? POPs issues impact on many sectors.
Use POPs as a entry to generally address chemicals & waste.
Involvement of wide range of stakeholders - private, public, industries, research, NGOs - is essential.
Strong leadership in NIP development.
Clear responsibilities in the project implementation.
Inter-ministerial coordination committee required to manage POPs (and other chemicals & waste).
NIP can only be successfully developed and implemented if full political commitment is ensured.

32. Integrated Approach for POPs Management:
Linking NIP activities and national priority activities on chemicals and waste management
NIP Update Guidance: “The development, review, and updating of a NIP should build on existing work and assessments….”.
Therefore:
POPs should not be addressed on their own but should be integrated within general chemicals and waste management. This may include, National chemical and waste management plans, National Profiles, national GHS implementation plans/strategies,.”
Synergies between Basel, Rotterdam and Stockholm Convention.
Synergies to Minamata Convention and activities on heavy metals.
Linking to the broader issues of SAICM (PFAS; Chemicals in Product; LCM Chemicals in Electronics).
There are also strong links to climate change mitigation.
Linking to Sustainable Production & Consumption and to SDGs.
Contaminated site management
In many cases, national inter-ministerial or multi-stakeholder coordination mechanisms for chemicals management may already exist and therefore NIP development, review, and updating (and implementation) activities could be included in the mandates of these existing mechanisms. Countries without a national coordination mechanism for chemicals management, however, may wish to consider establishing one as part of their NIP development activities and ensuring that it continues to function beyond the NIP project. Such a mechanism could address, for example, future NIP review and updating, as well as other new or on-going processes for chemicals management, such as national-level implementation of other chemicals-related MEAs, GHS, and SAICM, and linking these, where applicable, to broader frameworks such as national processes working on broader environment and health issues. 39 39

33. Central, Eastern Europe
100’000 chemicals produced and used. Many in daily products.
Global chemical production by region
(Ref.: American Chemistry Council, 2009)
4,000
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
billion US $
Africa and Middle East
Central, Eastern Europe
Latin America
North America
(REACH: Chemicals pre-registered).
Strong increase in Chemical Production in Asia & Pacific
Africa/Middle East small production – but a larger consumption; you get our products from Europe and in particulat the products from China/India etc.
Western Europe
Asia and Pacific
‘98 ’99 ’00 ’01 ’02 ’03 ’04 ’05 ’06 ’07 ‘08
28 POPs are listed – these are however only the tip off the ice-berg. More POP-like!

34. How many potential POPs in use?
Assessment of approx. 100,000 chemicals in chemical database according POP criteria of the Stockholm Convention.
574 Potential POPs
Chlorinated, brominated and fluorinated persistent toxic substances need to be assessed and managed systematically .
Linking Stockholm Convention with the broader issues of SAICM (e.g. PFAS; Chemicals in products, chemicals in life cycle of electronics)
Linking with the management of related waste categories.
Brominated
Mix-Halogenated
Chlorinated
This shows the importance that in addition to persistent chlorinated chemicals also florinated and brominated persistent chemicals are addressed
Percentages of chemicals with different halogenation within the halogenated substances in the POP group (A) and in the very‐POP group (B).
Included are only chemicals with “pure” halogenation; in addition there are 19% of chemicals with mixed halogenation in the POP group and 23% in the very‐POP group. 1.4% of substances in the POP group are not halogenated.
Fluorinated
Scheringer et al. (2012) Atmos. Pollut. Res. 3, 383–391. 41

35. Challenge to move to more Circular Economy
When moving to a (more) Circular Economy, POPs and other hazardous chemicals need to be controlled and phased out.
Fate of hazardous chemicals & materials? Substitution !
Anyway it is clear that we have to move to a circular economy or at least more circular economy.
The solution for manufactured goods is to move from a linear economy to a chain economy to finally a resource efficient circular economy
Also in EU the aim of a circular economy is emphasized.
But while the former EU administration wanted to
To move to a circular economy is
Bonnet (ARC+) Circular Economy, saving resources, creating jobs, Green Week Brussels June 2014
EU Circular Economy Strategy (Roadmap 04/2015) 42

36. Multi-R approach for moving towards circular economy
Substitution of hazardous chemical by more green and sustainable chemicals in the (re-)design phase is a part (Sustain. Cons. & Prod.).
Substitution of hazardous by green/sustainable chemicals
Therfore we need to go up the supply chain and make here
Bonnet (ARC+) Circular Economy, saving resources, creating jobs, Green Week Brussels June 2014 43

37. Objectives
To inform about the status of original POPs inventories and coordinate activities on updating the inventory;
To facilitate project coordination and involvement by bringing together the project task teams, national stakeholders, & international experts.
To kick-off NIP update activities
To co-ordinate strategies on compiling new POPs inventories;
To introduce into material/substance flow examples of POP inventories
To inform on the newly listed POPs, its sources and application
To introduce to new POPs inventory methodology
To kick start and develop work plans for compiling new POPs inventories and co-ordinate strategies (action plans)
To understand the challenges and risks for recycling cycles and the circular economy from POPs in products and industrial use.
Basic information on other NIP update issues (legal situation, awareness, action plan development; gender).
Therfore we need to go up the supply chain and make here 44

38. Thank you for your attention ! Questions?
More Information
Basel Convention:
Rotterdam Convention:
Stockholm Convention:
Montreal Protocol/Vienna Convention:
SAICM:
POPs phase out & alternatives
OECD:
Science:
NGO:
Better-world-links:
That was only a brief

39. Expected Outcomes
At the end of the inventory workshop, participants will have acquired:
Knowledge on current situation on POPs and POPs inventory in the country
Knowledge on new listed POPs and related tasks
Knowledge and practices on updating inventories of listed POPs
Coordination of activities to be carried out in order to review and update the POPs inventory;
Basic information on other NIP update issues acquired (legal situation, awareness, action plan development; gender)
Implementation of the project will be facilitated as a result of:
Improved coordination among PMU, Steering Committee, Thematic Task Teams and international consultant.
Therfore we need to go up the supply chain and make here 46

40. Content of the NIP Country profile,
Inventories, other POPs information
legal and institutional context,
technical inventories (individual POP; monitoring data; etc),
Implementation strategy,
Action plans,
Action plans,
Work-plan,
Budget.
UNEP/POPS/COP.1/INF/13: “Interim guidance for developing national implementation plans for
the Stockholm Convention”