1. Behavior Based Safety Dr. A. V. Singh
NRK/Sep 2003
AN INTRODUCTION TO
Behavior Based Safety (BBS)
Dr. A. V. Singh

2. Traditional Safety Model
Behavior Based Safety
NRK/Sep 2003
Fewer Accidents
Traditional Safety Model
Reprimands
Regulations
Policies
Committees & Councils
Slogans
Safety Training
Safety Meetings
Contests & Awards

3. Traditional Safety Management
Safety Management System Features
Purpose: To reduce/eliminate injuries
in the workplace.
Limited effectiveness, why?
Strong reliance on Antecedents
PPE
Emergency Response
Policies
Procedures
Safety Rules
Incident Investigation
Safety Meetings
Audits/Inspections
Industrial Hygiene
Hazard Recognition
Training
Safety Permits
Ergonomics
Fire Protection
Engineering
Safety Incentives
Safety Surveys
SHE Standards
Job Safety Analysis
JSO

4. Behavior Based Safety
NRK/Sep 2003
Please think . . .
How many of the above elements can be directly traced to injury elimination just at the moment the injury is about to occur ?
Question: Are injuries totally eliminated?

5. Injury Statistics . . . 14 people die at work in US everyday
Behavior Based Safety
NRK/Sep 2003
Injury Statistics . . .
14 people die at work in US everyday
11,000 people suffer from disabling injury everyday
Question: Are injuries totally eliminated?

6. Injury Statistics . . . Year 2004 in US*
Behavior Based Safety
NRK/Sep 2003
Injury Statistics Year 2004 in US*
5200 workplace fatalities
3.8 fatalities per 100,000 workers
3.9 million people suffer disabling injuries
6.1 injuries or illnesses per 100 workers
Question: Are injuries totally eliminated?

7. Injury Statistics . . . In INDIA
Behavior Based Safety
NRK/Sep 2003
Injury Statistics In INDIA
124 people die at workplace everyday
46575 people are injured
32% contribution to global fatality at work
37% of global burden of occupational injury
Question: Are injuries totally eliminated?

8. To Conclude . . . Good Safety Management systems exist
Behavior Based Safety
NRK/Sep 2003
To Conclude . . .
Good Safety Management systems exist
Still workplace is injury prone & not safe
Injury although declined, still persists
WHAT IS MISSING? WHERE IS THE CATCH?

9. Scientifically proven that . . .
Behavior Based Safety
NRK/Sep 2003
Scientifically proven that . . .
In 1951, Dr. Heinrich claimed that more than 90% of injuries were caused by UNSAFE ACTS
DuPont proved by research that:
Injury Causes
Percent
Injuries due to Unsafe Acts / Behavior 76
Injuries due to combination of Unsafe Behavior & Conditions 20
Injuries due Unsafe Conditions 4

10. DOE, US Govt. found out that . . .
Behavior Based Safety
NRK/Sep 2003
DOE, US Govt. found out that . . .
Personnel errors (Unsafe Acts) was present in 77% of incidents

11. (Unsafe Acts & Conditions)
Behavior Based Safety
NRK/Sep 2003
DuPont Research found that . . .
Avoid 1
Fatal
30 LTAs
300 Non LTAs
3,000 Near Miss / First Aid
30,000 Hazards
(Unsafe Acts & Conditions)
Eliminate

12. To Conclude . . . Safety Activities Fewer Unsafe Acts Fewer Accidents
Behavior Based Safety
NRK/Sep 2003
To Conclude . . .
Eliminate Unsafe Acts / Conditions = Avoid Injuries & Accidents
Safety Activities
Fewer Unsafe Acts
Fewer Accidents

13. Unsafe Acts & Objectives of BBS
Behavior Based Safety
NRK/Sep 2003
Unsafe Acts & Objectives of BBS
Unsafe Acts is a behavioral process
Also defined as “at risk” behavior
Objective of BBS is to minimize “at risk” behavior at workplace

14. Principles of BBS Behavior is the cause of accidents
Behavior Based Safety
NRK/Sep 2003
Principles of BBS
Behavior is the cause of accidents
Consequence motivate behavior
What gets measured, gets done
Feedback is essential to improvement
Quality is built early in the process
Conversations change organizations

15. Behavioral Safety Management
Safety Management System Features
Purpose: To reduce/eliminate injuries
in the workplace.
Improvement: Adding Consequences
But,
Still limited effectiveness, why?
Not integrated with other elements
PPE
Emergency Response
Policies
Procedures
Safety Rules
Incident Investigation
Safety Meetings
Audits/Inspections
Industrial Hygiene
Hazard Recognition
Training
Safety Permits
Ergonomics
Fire Protection
Engineering
Safety Incentives
Safety Surveys
OSHA Standards
JSO
Behavioral Safety
Job Safety Analysis

16. Behavioral Safety Management
To be effective:
Integrate the fundamental elements1 of BBS into the Safety Management System elements
How?
Identify (pinpoint) critical behaviors
Define behaviors precisely to measure them reliably
Implement mechanisms to determine current status
Provide feedback
Reinforce progress

17. Behavior Based Safety
NRK/Sep 2003
What is Behavior?
Behavior is anything that a person says, does, thinks or feels
Eg: Working at heights with safety belts
Behavior should be observable, specific

18. Behavior Based Safety
NRK/Sep 2003
What is Antecedent ?
Anything that occurs before or during the behavior can be an antecedent for that behavior
B: Working at heights with safety belts
A: Painful Memory of past accident
It is Antecedents that cause a certain types of behavior to happen

19. What is Consequence ? Anything that occurs after a behavior
Behavior Based Safety
NRK/Sep 2003
What is Consequence ?
Anything that occurs after a behavior
B: Working at heights with safety belts
A: Painful Memory of past accident
C: No more accidents

20. The ABC of BBS Program A: Antecedents – cause of certain behavior
Behavior Based Safety
NRK/Sep 2003
The ABC of BBS Program
A: Antecedents – cause of certain behavior
B: Behavior – what you see a person do
C: Consequence – outcome of a behavior

21. What is BBS Program? Understand & Influence Antecedents
Behavior Based Safety
NRK/Sep 2003
What is BBS Program?
Understand & Influence Antecedents
Make people behave safely, work safely
Minimize / eliminate workplace injuries
This is Zero Injury Culture too . . .

22. BBS vs. Zero Injury Zero Injury is the GOAL
Behavior Based Safety
NRK/Sep 2003
BBS vs. Zero Injury
Zero Injury is the GOAL
BBS is the path to reach the GOAL

23. How to Implement BBS ? 7 Steps Process
Behavior Based Safety
NRK/Sep 2003
How to Implement BBS ?
7 Steps Process
1. Identify Unsafe Acts in all your operations. Make a list of safe acts for these unsafe acts.
2. Audit Unsafe Acts & Conditions. Report
3. Measure no. of safe / unsafe acts. Know your scores
4. Set Improvement Goals. Identify actions to achieve the goals. Implement Actions

24. How to Implement BBS ? 7 Steps Process
Behavior Based Safety
NRK/Sep 2003
How to Implement BBS ?
7 Steps Process
5. Monitor actions implementation & trends of Unsafe Acts & conditions
6. Continually improve performance
7. Recognize performers & celebrate achievement

25. Q: Why focus on behavior?
Behavior Based Safety
NRK/Sep 2003
Q: Why focus on behavior?
Serious Injuries
Reactive
Non Serious Injuries
Near Misses
At-Risk Behaviors
Proactive
Traditionally management focus has been on top
Where does management have the most data to work with and the opportunity to be proactive in preventing accidents as opposed to reacting to accidents that already happened?
Explain the safety cycle and how the emphasis moves up and down depending on management.
Ask the class if they have experienced the “safety cycle” within the company.
Ask the class if anyone had a near-miss or seen a near-miss today at work.
Systems’ Weaknesses
A: It’s the best way of measuring how well your system is working!
Management gets serious about safety when there is:
- Increase in accidents and cost
- Serious accident
- Fatality
When accidents are low - management’s emphasis towards safety is low

26. Recall . . . Safety Activities Fewer Unsafe Acts Fewer Accidents
Behavior Based Safety
NRK/Sep 2003
Recall . . .
Safety Activities
Fewer Unsafe Acts
Fewer Accidents

27. What do we do now? Safety Activities Traditional Model BBS Program +
Behavior Based Safety
NRK/Sep 2003
What do we do now?
Safety Activities
Fewer Unsafe Acts
Fewer Accidents
Traditional Model
BBS Program +

28. Primary Team Roles Management Lead by example Support the process
Remove roadblocks
Monitor success
Provide resources

29. Basic Elements of BBS Identify/define targeted safe behaviors.
Observe behaviors.
Measure process/activities.
Deliver feedback.
Deliver positive consequences.
Analyze variance/take action.
Improve process continuously.

30. Consequences have the greatest influence on future behavior.
Behavior Based Safety
NRK/Sep 2003
A-B-C Model
Consequences
Behavior
Antecedents
prompt the person to act
action - what the person actually does
what happens during or after the behavior
Consequences have the greatest influence on future behavior.

31. Strengthen the behavior
Consequences
Consequences follow behavior
They either:
Strengthen the behavior or
Weaken the behavior

32. The Behavioral Process
EVALUATE
PINPOINT
CRITICAL SAFE & PROCESS SUPPORT BEHAVIORS
RESULTS
REINFORCE
PERFORMANCE
IMPROVEMENT
PERFORMANCE
MEASURE
VERBAL &
GRAPHIC ON
PERFORMANCE
GIVE
FEEDBACK

33. Classification of Consequences
Behavior Based Safety
NRK/Sep 2003
Classification of Consequences
Type:
Positive to Performer
Negative to Performer
Timing:
Immediate - during or soon after
Future - from a day to several months
Probability:
Certain that the consequence will occur again
Uncertain that the consequence will occur

34. If BBS has to Succeed then . . .
Behavior Based Safety
NRK/Sep 2003
If BBS has to Succeed then . . .
Top Management Commitment is essential
Ownership & involvement from all employees
Steering Committee to monitor in plants
Training to all on BBS & safety practices
Effective Feedback – Most important
Performance monitoring & Continual improvement

35. Safe Behavior Is safe behavior an occupational necessity?
Behavior Based Safety
NRK/Sep 2003
Safe Behavior
Is safe behavior an occupational necessity?
Is safety only at work place?
Don’t I want my son to drive safely & reach home every day?
Can safe behavior be a philosophy of life?
Safe Behavior = Safety Assurance

36. Thank you