1. Infection Control
Define the terms relating to infection control practices in health care
Describe the four major groups of pathogens and research common infectious diseases associated with each group
Describe the infectious process and methods to prevent infection
Describe the methods of Standard an Transmiss
on-Based Isolation Precautions that prevent the spread of micro-organisms
Describe three levels of medical asepsis
List the principles of surgical asepsis
How can health care works keep infection from spreading?
What are the links in the chain of infection?
How can health care professionals prevent the spread of disease at each link in the chain of infection?
How are diseases transmitted from person to person?
Why do some people get sick and others do not?
What are the advantages of washing hands with soap and water vs hand sanitizer?
When should a health care worker use sterile gloving rather than normal
gloving?

2. Infection Control
Direct correlation between exposure to microorganisms and disease

3. Types of Microorganisms
Pathogens
Any disease causing microorganisms
Non-pathogens
Normal body flora
Beneficial:
maintaining body processes
food production
Yogurt, sour cream, beer, bread

4. Types of Microorganisms
Saprophytes
Live on dead matter or tissues

5. Types of Pathogens Fungi: Molds and yeasts Skin infections:
Athlete’s foot
Ringworm
Thrush

6. Types of Pathogens Protozoa:
Only group of microbes classified as animals
Types of Protozoa:
Trichomonas vaginalis
Malaria
Giardia

7. Types of Pathogens Varicella (chickenpox) Common cold Herpes Viruses:
Obligate intracellular parasite
Cannot reproduce unless inside host cell
Receives nutrients from host cell
Not susceptible to antibiotics
Causes:
Varicella (chickenpox)
Common cold
Herpes

8. Bacteria Simple one celled plants that multiply rapidly Bacilli
Rod-shaped
Have ability to form spores-a protective hard “shell” protects daughter cell
Cause:
Tuberculosis
Whooping cough
Hemorrhagic fever

9. Shapes of Bacteria Cocci Round shaped Diplococci-occur in pairs Cause:
Gonorrhoea
Streptococci-occur in chains
Strep throat
Staphylococci-occur in clusters
most common bacterial infection in humans
Cause of nosocomial infections
Wound infections
Toxic shock syndrome

10. Spirals
Spirilla
Spiral or corkscrew shaped
Causes:
Syphilis
Cholera

11. Factors Required for Microbial Growth

12. Factors required for microbial growth
Warm environment
Body temperature
Darkness
Many killed by sunlight
Source of food
Moisture and….

13. Factors required for microbial growth
Varying oxygen needs
Aerobic bacteria
Live and reproduce in presence of oxygen
Anaerobic bacteria
Live and reproduce without oxygen

14. How Microorganisms Cause Disease

15. How microbes cause disease
Toxins
poisons
Allergic reaction
Runny nose, watery eyes, sneezing
Cell invasion
Invades living cells and destroy them

16. How Microorganisms Are Spread

17. How Microorganisms are spread
Direct contact
Directly from one person to another
Sex, kissing, touching
Indirect contact
From inanimate object to person
Airborne
Droplets from sneezing and coughing
Droplets of blood and body fluids
Insects and pests

18. The Chain of Infection

19. 1st Link- The Infectious Agent
Any pathogen

20. 2nd Link- The Reservoir
Organism or environment where infectious agent resides
People
Equipment
Water
Carrier Host
Shows no outward signs/symptoms of disease, but capable of transmitting the disease

21. 3rd Link- Portal of Exit Route of escape of pathogen from reservoir
Examples:
respiratory tract
gastrointestinal tract
genitourinary tract
breaks in skin

22. 4th Link- Route of Transmission
Method by which pathogen gets from reservoir to new host
Direct contact:
Sexual contact
Contact blood/body fluids
Indirect contact:
Objects to person
Airborne
Insects and pests

23. 5th Link- Portal of Entry
Route which pathogen enters new host
Examples:
Respiratory tract
Gastrointestinal tract
Genitourinary tract
Mucous membranes
Breaks in skin

24. 6th Link- Susceptible Host
Organism that is at risk for infection
Organism with weakened immune system
Examples:
AIDS pts
Pts on chemotherapy
Transplant pts
Elderly and very young
Burn pts

25. Interrupting the Chain of Infection

26. The Infectious Agent Prompt treatment Immunization
Early recognition of infection
Rapid pathogen identification
Prompt treatment
Immunization

27. Reservoir Host Maintain proper personal hygiene
Environmental Sanitation
Disinfection & sterilization

28. Portals of Exit Proper attire Hand washing Control secretions
Gloves, gowns, masks
Hand washing
Control secretions
Waste disposal

29. Route of Transmission Proper attire Hand washing
Proper disposal of contaminated objects
Proper food handling
Isolation precautions

30. Portals of Entry Proper attire Hand washing
Infection control techniques

31. Susceptible Host Recognize high risk patients Immunization
Good nutrition
Exercise
Rest

32. Remember--breaking the chain of infection is the responsibility
of each health professional.

33. Standard Precautions Developed by the CDC
Applied to all clients regardless of diagnosis and infection status
Use when performing procedures requiring contact with blood, body fluids, mucous membranes or contaminated items.

34. Hand Washing Tips Sink, handles, and faucet is considered contaminated
Use warm water
less damaging to skin
Liquid soap preferred
Friction, sudsing action & alkalinity of soap
bar soap and dish are contaminated
Keeping fingertips pointed downward
Wash palms, backs, sides, between fingers, under and around nails, 2 in up arm
1 ½ to 2 min

35. When Hands Should Be Washed
Beginning and end of shift
Between patients
After removing gloves and other protective wear

36. When Hands Should Be Washed
When visibly contaminated with blood or tissues
Before leaving the patient area
Before and after eating, applying makeup, using the bathroom, handling contact lenses, handling equipment

37. Time for
Handwashing Video

38. Aseptic Techniques
Medical asepsis or clean techniques designed to prevent spread of disease

39. Aseptic Techniques Antiseptic Disinfectant
Bacteriostatic substances that inhibit the growth of bacteria
Can be used on the skin
Alcohol and iodine
Disinfectant
Bactericidal substances that kill bacteria and most viruses
Cannot be used on the skin
10% bleach, chemicals, boiling

40. Aseptic Techniques Sterilization
Process destroys all microbes including spores
This includes steam or gas under pressure, radiation and chemicals using an autoclave

41. Aseptic Techniques Surgical asepsis
The use of all levels of aseptic techniques to prevent introduction of harmful microorganisms into the patient

42. Aseptic Techniques Surgical asepsis Be aware of the sterile field
Draped in blue
Remember:
Sterile to sterile = sterile
Sterile to unsterile = unsterile
Sterile to unsure = contaminated

43. Isolation
An aseptic technique used when patient infected with a communicable disease
Protects: HCP, other patients, visitors, community
Use PPE
Notices posted on door to patient’s room

44. Types of Isolation Airborne
Infections spread through air by small droplets containing pathogens
Ex: Tuberculosis, Varicella (chickenpox)
PPE:
surgical masks &/or HEPA-filter masks at all times
Negative pressure room

45. Types of Isolation Droplet
Infections spread through air by large droplets
Ex: Pertussis, Influenza
PPE:
surgical masks w/in 3 ft of patient
Glove for environmental contact

46. Types of Isolation Contact
For patients who are infected or colonized by a pathogen that spreads by direct contact
Ex: antibiotic resistant bacteria, RSV, Hepatitis A
PPE:
gloves, gown when entering; remove before leaving

47. Types of Isolation Reverse
Protects patients from pathogens healthcare provider or visitors may have
Used when patient immune system is suppressed
AIDS pts
Chemotherapy pts
Burn pts
Transplant pts

48. Infection Control Questions
Describe your condition when “fit & well”.
What kind of symptoms indicate the presence of disease?
What is your experience of methods used to fight disease?
Give examples of diseases caused by living organisms.
Why do people in developing countries suffer more than in developed countries?
List the four major groups of pathogens.
Describe how bacteria play a beneficial role.
Describe environmental factors influencing how bacteria grow.
Explain how viruses differ from bacteria.
Explain why viruses are spread so easily and are so hard to get rid of.